{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208904656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","title":"Deep Learning and Zero-Day Traffic Classification: Lessons Learned From a Commercial-Grade Dataset","display_name":"Deep Learning and Zero-Day Traffic Classification: Lessons Learned From a Commercial-Grade Dataset","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208904656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","mag":"3208904656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005807223","display_name":"Lixuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-383X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123571","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rbzf697","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002388358","display_name":"Alessandro Finamore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-2506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123571","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rbzf697","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Finamore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640534","display_name":"Feng Jun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8414-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123571","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rbzf697","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052449763","display_name":"Dario Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-8876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123571","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rbzf697","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Communication Department, Huawei Technologies, Boulogne Billancourt, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005807223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123571"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3185,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96332937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"4103","last_page":"4118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7067831158638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6990915536880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.62400221824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5482755303382874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.46830475330352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44631844758987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.43326523900032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42052918672561646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7067831158638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6990915536880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.62400221824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5482755303382874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46830475330352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44631844758987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.43326523900032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42052918672561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3122940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521553548","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2011628134","https://openalex.org/W2012095206","https://openalex.org/W2087405576","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2106100348","https://openalex.org/W2110153733","https://openalex.org/W2119271160","https://openalex.org/W2150779517","https://openalex.org/W2153794195","https://openalex.org/W2157349061","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2171634548","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2284008484","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296570230","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2608862709","https://openalex.org/W2624172162","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2772303842","https://openalex.org/W2783000019","https://openalex.org/W2784189535","https://openalex.org/W2784962210","https://openalex.org/W2786712888","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2885311373","https://openalex.org/W2895752198","https://openalex.org/W2896827527","https://openalex.org/W2898413119","https://openalex.org/W2900853407","https://openalex.org/W2904509905","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2962852342","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963636167","https://openalex.org/W2963875483","https://openalex.org/W2967001080","https://openalex.org/W2976836186","https://openalex.org/W2978116268","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2987849745","https://openalex.org/W3016494398","https://openalex.org/W3028986890","https://openalex.org/W3034942609","https://openalex.org/W3038898937","https://openalex.org/W3047014424","https://openalex.org/W3048617095","https://openalex.org/W3098136764","https://openalex.org/W3102405732","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3200538799","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W4287554837","https://openalex.org/W4287639545","https://openalex.org/W4291237587","https://openalex.org/W4297687186","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6747340706","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6753278433","https://openalex.org/W6753767121","https://openalex.org/W6784225549","https://openalex.org/W6785277093","https://openalex.org/W6792007744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W3123344745","https://openalex.org/W4302303815","https://openalex.org/W3208584567","https://openalex.org/W3192794374","https://openalex.org/W2597787948","https://openalex.org/W4246751904","https://openalex.org/W4221031031","https://openalex.org/W4319781722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"success":[2],"of":[3,32,79,131,142,145,157,167,182,208,235,243,253],"Machine":[4],"Learning":[5,9],"(ML)":[6],"and":[7,81,111,117,137,180,195,215,221],"Deep":[8],"(DL)":[10],"has":[11],"recently":[12],"re-sparked":[13],"interest":[14],"towards":[15],"traffic":[16,38,63,91,105,148,158],"classification.":[17],"While":[18],"supervised":[19,74,80,110],"techniques":[20,54,83,113],"provide":[21,229],"satisfactory":[22],"performance":[23,203,231],"when":[24],"classifying":[25],"<italic":[26,33,128,163],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[27,34,129,164],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">known</i>":[28],"traffic,":[29,237],"the":[30,45,62,77,90,146,155,162,172,178,209,233,238,251],"detection":[31,252],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">zero-day</i>":[35],"(i.e.,":[36],"unknown)":[37],"is":[39,177],"a":[40,102,125,139,184],"more":[41,68],"challenging":[42],"task.":[43],"At":[44],"same":[46],"time,":[47],"zero-day":[48,118,188],"detection,":[49],"generally":[50],"tackled":[51],"with":[52,127,204],"unsupervised":[53,82,112],"such":[55],"as":[56],"clustering,":[57],"received":[58],"less":[59],"coverage":[60],"by":[61,89],"classification":[64,92,106,234],"literature":[65],"which":[66],"focuses":[67],"on":[69,101,124,192],"deriving":[70],"DL":[71,104,198,222,244],"models":[72,223,245],"via":[73],"techniques.":[75],"Moreover,":[76],"combination":[78],"poses":[84],"challenges":[85],"not":[86],"fully":[87],"covered":[88],"literature.":[93,173],"In":[94,120],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"we":[97,122],"share":[98],"our":[99],"experience":[100],"commercial-grade":[103,151],"engine":[107],"that":[108],"combines":[109],"to":[114,206,228],"identify":[115],"known":[116,236],"traffic.":[119],"particular,":[121],"rely":[123],"dataset":[126],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">hundreds</i>":[130],"very":[132],"fine":[133],"grained":[134],"application":[135],"labels,":[136],"perform":[138],"thorough":[140],"assessment":[141],"two":[143],"state":[144,207],"art":[147,210],"classifiers":[149,159],"in":[150,171,212],"settings.":[152],"This":[153],"pushes":[154],"boundaries":[156],"evaluation":[160,181],"beyond":[161],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">few":[165],"tens</i>":[166],"classes":[168,255],"typically":[169],"used":[170],"Our":[174],"main":[175],"contribution":[176],"design":[179],"GradBP,":[183],"novel":[185],"technique":[186],"for":[187,197,232,250],"applications":[189],"detection.":[190],"Based":[191],"gradient":[193],"backpropagation":[194],"tailored":[196],"models,":[199],"GradBP":[200],"yields":[201],"superior":[202],"respect":[205],"alternatives,":[211],"both":[213,225],"accuracy":[214],"computational":[216],"cost.":[217],"Overall,":[218],"while":[219],"ML":[220,258],"are":[224],"equally":[226],"able":[227],"excellent":[230],"non-linear":[239],"feature":[240],"extraction":[241],"process":[242],"backbone":[246],"provides":[247],"sizable":[248],"advantages":[249],"unknown":[254],"over":[256],"classical":[257],"models.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}