{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969388461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","title":"Privacy-Preserved Task Offloading in Mobile Blockchain With Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Privacy-Preserved Task Offloading in Mobile Blockchain With Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969388461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","mag":"2969388461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.07467","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dinh C. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinh C. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-6756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pubudu N. Pathirana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8014-7798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pubudu N. Pathirana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8014-7798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ming Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Docklands, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Docklands, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aruna Seneviratne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aruna Seneviratne","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-7987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.2988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99265751,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"2536","last_page":"2549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.4496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.4496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.3901999890804291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.38179999589920044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9101999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5810999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101403955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707083","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","level":5,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2020.3010967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1908.07467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07467","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.07467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_74720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_74720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 17, 4, 2536-2549","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1908.07467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07467","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.07467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2604248381","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2727841152","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2783988488","https://openalex.org/W2786446607","https://openalex.org/W2787402275","https://openalex.org/W2791432311","https://openalex.org/W2794596638","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2804985843","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2808381205","https://openalex.org/W2888442703","https://openalex.org/W2889800906","https://openalex.org/W2890483234","https://openalex.org/W2895570089","https://openalex.org/W2895879715","https://openalex.org/W2897198920","https://openalex.org/W2905357302","https://openalex.org/W2934242057","https://openalex.org/W2946008609","https://openalex.org/W2949226003","https://openalex.org/W2949726555","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2963666161","https://openalex.org/W2963924262","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W3013810395","https://openalex.org/W3031802354","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3123528008"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1],"with":[2,227,233],"its":[3],"secure,":[4],"transparent":[5],"and":[6,29,35,76,95,122,158,161,203,217],"decentralized":[7],"nature":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"recently":[11],"employed":[12],"in":[13,46,231],"many":[14],"mobile":[15,39,47,56],"applications.":[16],"However,":[17],"the":[18,117,124,169,199,208,219,234],"process":[19],"of":[20,38,198],"executing":[21],"extensive":[22],"tasks":[23,75,78],"such":[24],"as":[25,68,98,106,222,224],"computation-intensive":[26],"data":[27,73],"applications":[28,45],"blockchain":[30,44,61,129,150,174],"mining":[31,77,96],"requires":[32],"high":[33],"computational":[34],"storage":[36],"capability":[37],"devices,":[40],"which":[41,103,140,187],"would":[42],"hinder":[43],"systems.":[48],"To":[49,166],"meet":[50],"this":[51],"challenge,":[52],"we":[53,88,176],"propose":[54,133],"a":[55,80,99,107,134,179],"edge":[57],"computing":[58],"(MEC)":[59],"based":[60,148],"network":[62],"where":[63,111],"multi-mobile":[64],"users":[65],"(MUs)":[66],"act":[67],"miners":[69],"to":[70,79,115,143],"offload":[71],"their":[72],"processing":[74],"nearby":[81],"MEC":[82,159],"server":[83,160],"via":[84],"wireless":[85,153],"channels.":[86],"Specially,":[87],"formulate":[89],"task":[90],"offloading,":[91],"user":[92,215],"privacy":[93,125],"preservation":[94],"profit":[97],"joint":[100],"optimization":[101],"problem":[102],"is":[104,114],"modelled":[105],"Markov":[108],"decision":[109],"process,":[110],"our":[112],"objective":[113],"minimize":[116],"long-term":[118],"system":[119,200],"offloading":[120,138,146,170,211,229,236],"utility":[121],"maximize":[123],"levels":[126],"for":[127,172],"all":[128],"users.":[130],"We":[131],"first":[132],"reinforcement":[135],"learning":[136],"(RL)-based":[137],"scheme":[139],"enables":[141],"MUs":[142,157],"make":[144],"optimal":[145],"decisions":[147],"on":[149],"transaction":[151],"states,":[152],"channel":[154],"qualities":[155],"between":[156],"user's":[162],"power":[163],"hash":[164],"states.":[165],"further":[167],"improve":[168],"performances":[171],"larger-scale":[173],"scenarios,":[175],"then":[177],"develop":[178],"deep":[180,185],"RL":[181],"algorithm":[182],"by":[183],"using":[184],"Q-network":[186],"can":[188],"efficiently":[189],"solve":[190],"large":[191],"state":[192],"space":[193],"without":[194],"any":[195],"prior":[196],"knowledge":[197],"dynamics.":[201],"Experiment":[202],"simulation":[204],"results":[205],"show":[206],"that":[207],"proposed":[209],"RL-based":[210],"schemes":[212],"significantly":[213],"enhance":[214],"privacy,":[216],"reduce":[218],"energy":[220],"consumption":[221],"well":[223],"computation":[225],"latency":[226],"minimum":[228],"costs":[230],"comparison":[232],"benchmark":[235],"schemes.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2019-08-29T00:00:00"}
