{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160820865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933","title":"Microservice Autoscaling With Fine-Grained DVFS in Dynamic Multi-Edge Collaboration via Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Microservice Autoscaling With Fine-Grained DVFS in Dynamic Multi-Edge Collaboration via Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160820865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660799","display_name":"Bo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3867-9648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111347384","display_name":"Ruyao Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruyao Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048592975","display_name":"Jiangtian Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangtian Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135852152","display_name":"Zhiheng Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiheng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101711449","display_name":"Yu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-7989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5111-1900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135860562","display_name":"Hao Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0953-0393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0953-0393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135859245","display_name":"Menglan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2800-4348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menglan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2800-4348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103263099","display_name":"Kai Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9524-927X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-4237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Internet of Intelligence, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56371089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"9788","last_page":"9806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8410999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8410999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.28360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7245000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3691933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4604486371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U25A20435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microservice":[0],"architecture":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"the":[4,49,56,137,172,194,222,227],"mainstream":[5],"approach":[6],"for":[7,70],"low-latency":[8],"and":[9,21,41,72,75,89,131,140,152,167,207,212,218,232],"robust":[10],"edge":[11],"scenarios.":[12],"In":[13,60],"practice,":[14],"service":[15,35],"demands":[16],"exhibit":[17],"high":[18],"temporal":[19],"variability":[20],"concurrency,":[22],"making":[23,79],"efficient":[24],"autoscaling":[25,32,64,71,100,123],"significantly":[26],"critical.":[27],"However,":[28],"existing":[29],"research":[30],"on":[31,185],"adopts":[33],"coarse-grained":[34],"models":[36,65],"that":[37,102,127,192],"treat":[38],"instance":[39],"adjustment":[40],"request":[42],"routing":[43],"in":[44,118,156,204],"isolation.":[45],"This":[46],"simplification":[47],"neglects":[48],"intricate":[50],"interdependencies":[51],"among":[52],"services,":[53],"thus":[54],"undermining":[55],"efficacy":[57],"of":[58,209],"autoscaling.":[59],"addition,":[61],"many":[62],"current":[63],"do":[66],"not":[67],"simultaneously":[68],"account":[69],"dynamic":[73],"voltage":[74,183],"frequency":[76],"scaling":[77],"(DVFS),":[78],"it":[80],"difficult":[81],"to":[82,164,215],"achieve":[83],"an":[84,99,125],"effective":[85],"balance":[86,165],"between":[87],"performance":[88,115,202],"energy":[90,132,168,205],"consumption.":[91,133],"To":[92],"overcome":[93],"these":[94],"challenges,":[95],"this":[96],"paper":[97],"proposes":[98],"algorithm":[101,199],"synergistically":[103],"combines":[104],"deep":[105],"reinforcement":[106],"learning":[107],"with":[108],"DVFS.":[109,162],"First,":[110],"we":[111,135,170],"build":[112],"a":[113],"multi-instance":[114],"model":[116],"grounded":[117],"queuing":[119],"theory,":[120],"formulating":[121],"microservice":[122,154],"as":[124],"optimization":[126],"minimizes":[128],"both":[129],"latency":[130,166,208],"Second,":[134],"present":[136],"Reinforcement":[138],"Learning":[139],"DVFS":[141],"Joint":[142],"Optimization":[143],"Autoscaling":[144],"Algorithm":[145,177],"(RLDA),":[146],"which":[147,179],"observes":[148],"system":[149],"state":[150],"changes":[151],"scales":[153],"instances":[155],"real":[157],"time":[158],"while":[159],"jointly":[160],"optimizing":[161],"Third,":[163],"consumption,":[169],"design":[171],"Latency-Constrained":[173],"Greedy":[174],"Frequency":[175],"Scaling":[176],"(LGFS),":[178],"adjusts":[180],"server":[181],"operating":[182],"based":[184],"deployment":[186],"scheme.":[187],"Extensive":[188],"simulation":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"under":[193],"Twitter":[195],"traffic":[196,225],"pattern,":[197,226],"our":[198],"achieves":[200],"comprehensive":[201],"improvements":[203],"consumption":[206],"37%,":[210],"25%,":[211],"29%":[213],"compared":[214],"DRL,":[216],"ProScale,":[217],"PPA,":[219],"respectively.":[220,234],"Under":[221],"World":[223],"Cup":[224],"gains":[228],"are":[229],"33%,":[230],"28%,":[231],"23%,":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T08:10:14.011955","created_date":"2026-05-12T00:00:00"}
