{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124131848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070","title":"SafeRAG: Secure Cloud-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation for LLM-Empowered Voice Assistants","display_name":"SafeRAG: Secure Cloud-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation for LLM-Empowered Voice Assistants","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124131848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101680031","display_name":"Yuan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-8452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-8452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122868733","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101657705","display_name":"Siran Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1577-6261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040806634","display_name":"Yuntao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9361997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"6211","last_page":"6224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.22269999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.22269999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10480000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.06840000301599503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-security","display_name":"Semantic security","score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3921999931335449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8529000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108759981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788590","display_name":"Authorization","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776543384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593289","display_name":"Information access","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3654070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4749651253223419}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G227894438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2305141385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W209244779","https://openalex.org/W1532961226","https://openalex.org/W1981208470","https://openalex.org/W2040325382","https://openalex.org/W2090700544","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2118875571","https://openalex.org/W2144221002","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2395093458","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2794753592","https://openalex.org/W2891113091","https://openalex.org/W2918900813","https://openalex.org/W2946759674","https://openalex.org/W2952275065","https://openalex.org/W2963313259","https://openalex.org/W3005378045","https://openalex.org/W3014081334","https://openalex.org/W3123941558","https://openalex.org/W3156221719","https://openalex.org/W3163458230","https://openalex.org/W3201687663","https://openalex.org/W4244143958","https://openalex.org/W4285196740","https://openalex.org/W4285251950","https://openalex.org/W4287691174","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4313154517","https://openalex.org/W4380607213","https://openalex.org/W4381785594","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385323568","https://openalex.org/W4388888614","https://openalex.org/W4389519389","https://openalex.org/W4389857145","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4392251686","https://openalex.org/W4392352692","https://openalex.org/W4392974865","https://openalex.org/W4393252729","https://openalex.org/W4396575270","https://openalex.org/W4396949757","https://openalex.org/W4398770971","https://openalex.org/W4398788557","https://openalex.org/W4401726202","https://openalex.org/W4402670423","https://openalex.org/W4402683384","https://openalex.org/W4403560390","https://openalex.org/W4404199748","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4406890649","https://openalex.org/W4408124986","https://openalex.org/W4408222626","https://openalex.org/W4408353799","https://openalex.org/W4408977202","https://openalex.org/W4410985905","https://openalex.org/W4411406743","https://openalex.org/W4412130408","https://openalex.org/W4412170945","https://openalex.org/W4412888780","https://openalex.org/W4413201322","https://openalex.org/W4414158982","https://openalex.org/W4414871386","https://openalex.org/W4415124073","https://openalex.org/W4415124086","https://openalex.org/W4416035746"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieval-based":[0],"augmentation":[1],"enhances":[2],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5,95],"(LLMs)":[6],"by":[7,81],"grounding":[8],"responses":[9],"in":[10,14,128,157],"external":[11],"knowledge.":[12],"However,":[13],"voice-driven":[15],"assistants":[16],"that":[17,47,86,134],"rely":[18],"on":[19],"remote":[20,158],"cloud":[21,54],"retrieval,":[22,140],"open-ended":[23],"user":[24,108],"queries":[25],"and":[26,32,44,70,106,120,138,144,155],"outsourced":[27],"processing":[28],"introduce":[29],"significant":[30],"privacy":[31,156],"authorization":[33],"risks.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"these":[37],"challenges,":[38],"we":[39],"proposeSafeRAG,":[40],"a":[41,91,112],"privacy-preserving":[42],"retrieval":[43],"generation":[45],"framework":[46],"enables":[48],"secure":[49,137],"voice-based":[50],"interaction":[51],"over":[52],"encrypted":[53,65],"storage.":[55],"SafeRAG":[56,135],"integrates":[57],"inner-product":[58],"functional":[59],"encryption":[60],"(IPFE)":[61],"to":[62,104,123],"support":[63],"efficient":[64],"similarity":[66],"computation":[67],"between":[68,153],"query":[69],"document":[71,78],"embeddings":[72],"without":[73],"revealing":[74],"their":[75],"contents.":[76],"Each":[77],"is":[79],"protected":[80],"an":[82,100,150],"attribute-based":[83],"access":[84,142],"tree":[85],"enforces":[87],"fine-grained":[88],"authorization,":[89],"while":[90],"Bayesian":[92],"inference":[93],"mechanism":[94],"the":[96],"user\u2013assistant":[97],"dialogue":[98],"as":[99],"adaptive":[101],"belief-updating":[102],"process":[103],"infer":[105],"validate":[107],"attributes":[109],"dynamically.":[110],"Additionally,":[111],"lightweight":[113],"response":[114,147],"sanitization":[115],"layer":[116],"applies":[117],"calibrated":[118],"noise":[119],"semantic":[121],"abstraction":[122],"prevent":[124],"residual":[125],"information":[126],"leakage":[127],"generated":[129],"content.":[130],"Extensive":[131],"experiments":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"achieves":[136],"low-latency":[139],"robust":[141],"enforcement,":[143],"high-quality":[145],"voice":[146],"generation,":[148],"offering":[149],"effective":[151],"balance":[152],"utility":[154],"retrieval-augmented":[159],"LLMs.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}