{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417469967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802","title":"Routing in Hierarchical Hybrid Satellite Networks: A Survey","display_name":"Routing in Hierarchical Hybrid Satellite Networks: A Survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417469967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376644","display_name":"Zeyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9342-1247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047862167","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-9678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-9678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421956","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109679939","display_name":"Zhe Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0373-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0373-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053119799","display_name":"Gaofeng Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-5717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaofeng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-5717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47570859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"4883","last_page":"4911"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.6032000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-routing","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.6032000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776955676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371623","display_name":"Hybrid routing","level":5,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780676692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073549","display_name":"Trilemma","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29436982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557","display_name":"Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing","level":5,"score":0.2687999904155731}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3645802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4042692820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2436203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":187,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W335942164","https://openalex.org/W1563871237","https://openalex.org/W1629773971","https://openalex.org/W1646909630","https://openalex.org/W1975916772","https://openalex.org/W1992744455","https://openalex.org/W1996587571","https://openalex.org/W2011406179","https://openalex.org/W2056093707","https://openalex.org/W2082098028","https://openalex.org/W2083283489","https://openalex.org/W2104089447","https://openalex.org/W2106466738","https://openalex.org/W2109577333","https://openalex.org/W2110482747","https://openalex.org/W2115694205","https://openalex.org/W2116464613","https://openalex.org/W2121181647","https://openalex.org/W2152599390","https://openalex.org/W2153538120","https://openalex.org/W2170375304","https://openalex.org/W2205290880","https://openalex.org/W2342656438","https://openalex.org/W2399586126","https://openalex.org/W2521915382","https://openalex.org/W2587587471","https://openalex.org/W2729697725","https://openalex.org/W2745650163","https://openalex.org/W2766345455","https://openalex.org/W2783508736","https://openalex.org/W2794686670","https://openalex.org/W2799292918","https://openalex.org/W2801274576","https://openalex.org/W2807954440","https://openalex.org/W2886485362","https://openalex.org/W2889722097","https://openalex.org/W2890289306","https://openalex.org/W2905234548","https://openalex.org/W2920823518","https://openalex.org/W2921206069","https://openalex.org/W2943477456","https://openalex.org/W2944924828","https://openalex.org/W2949206687","https://openalex.org/W2964057610","https://openalex.org/W2965180421","https://openalex.org/W2967290792","https://openalex.org/W2968925205","https://openalex.org/W2971537664","https://openalex.org/W2981864212","https://openalex.org/W2986765910","https://openalex.org/W2990822849","https://openalex.org/W2991182923","https://openalex.org/W2992469636","https://openalex.org/W2995028454","https://openalex.org/W2996213540","https://openalex.org/W2999571935","https://openalex.org/W2999683502","https://openalex.org/W3004605831","https://openalex.org/W3006161673","https://openalex.org/W3011201012","https://openalex.org/W3012390411","https://openalex.org/W3012499859","https://openalex.org/W3014097207","https://openalex.org/W3015240082","https://openalex.org/W3015372026","https://openalex.org/W3016282456","https://openalex.org/W3023682703","https://openalex.org/W3039180837","https://openalex.org/W3042203685","https://openalex.org/W3046062312","https://openalex.org/W3047033378","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3094038701","https://openalex.org/W3101519804","https://openalex.org/W3104871524","https://openalex.org/W3106959531","https://openalex.org/W3107857469","https://openalex.org/W3108561509","https://openalex.org/W3115477875","https://openalex.org/W3128807435","https://openalex.org/W3133988554","https://openalex.org/W3140125865","https://openalex.org/W3152725543","https://openalex.org/W3158839158","https://openalex.org/W3159475051","https://openalex.org/W3170905050","https://openalex.org/W3174361708","https://openalex.org/W3174495368","https://openalex.org/W3175417893","https://openalex.org/W3200335000","https://openalex.org/W3200448595","https://openalex.org/W3209738630","https://openalex.org/W3211008122","https://openalex.org/W3211122329","https://openalex.org/W3213268704","https://openalex.org/W3214727290","https://openalex.org/W3215230729","https://openalex.org/W3216956110","https://openalex.org/W3217696802","https://openalex.org/W4200109031","https://openalex.org/W4200185577","https://openalex.org/W4210362980","https://openalex.org/W4210871268","https://openalex.org/W4213116297","https://openalex.org/W4223453963","https://openalex.org/W4226193620","https://openalex.org/W4282978952","https://openalex.org/W4283755575","https://openalex.org/W4285179196","https://openalex.org/W4285188347","https://openalex.org/W4285192830","https://openalex.org/W4285203789","https://openalex.org/W4285295034","https://openalex.org/W4288061991","https://openalex.org/W4292387370","https://openalex.org/W4294982603","https://openalex.org/W4295700767","https://openalex.org/W4306147972","https://openalex.org/W4308078944","https://openalex.org/W4312050988","https://openalex.org/W4312393609","https://openalex.org/W4312703159","https://openalex.org/W4312705588","https://openalex.org/W4313190984","https://openalex.org/W4313427317","https://openalex.org/W4313562902","https://openalex.org/W4318605730","https://openalex.org/W4323022396","https://openalex.org/W4323519588","https://openalex.org/W4323644335","https://openalex.org/W4328007772","https://openalex.org/W4361293619","https://openalex.org/W4364304790","https://openalex.org/W4367016859","https://openalex.org/W4375928794","https://openalex.org/W4376456418","https://openalex.org/W4377079801","https://openalex.org/W4379409040","https://openalex.org/W4382119216","https://openalex.org/W4384304016","https://openalex.org/W4385062799","https://openalex.org/W4385257958","https://openalex.org/W4385894332","https://openalex.org/W4386536254","https://openalex.org/W4386536258","https://openalex.org/W4387010859","https://openalex.org/W4387609107","https://openalex.org/W4387717666","https://openalex.org/W4387886192","https://openalex.org/W4388819571","https://openalex.org/W4389610535","https://openalex.org/W4389633646","https://openalex.org/W4390692374","https://openalex.org/W4391129940","https://openalex.org/W4391791566","https://openalex.org/W4391827253","https://openalex.org/W4391945833","https://openalex.org/W4391958990","https://openalex.org/W4392151790","https://openalex.org/W4392901768","https://openalex.org/W4392903153","https://openalex.org/W4392904767","https://openalex.org/W4392979926","https://openalex.org/W4393028653","https://openalex.org/W4393103351","https://openalex.org/W4393372076","https://openalex.org/W4393972793","https://openalex.org/W4393972896","https://openalex.org/W4396568215","https://openalex.org/W4396817455","https://openalex.org/W4399665736","https://openalex.org/W4401452433","https://openalex.org/W4402978519","https://openalex.org/W4404520534","https://openalex.org/W4405709656","https://openalex.org/W4405709677","https://openalex.org/W4406267628","https://openalex.org/W4406355893","https://openalex.org/W4406729017","https://openalex.org/W4407129858","https://openalex.org/W4407315275","https://openalex.org/W4407376626","https://openalex.org/W4407638288","https://openalex.org/W4409473832","https://openalex.org/W4409985705","https://openalex.org/W4410771553","https://openalex.org/W4414122735"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,44,47,70,78,85,89,96,100,107,110,130,144],"deep":[2],"evolution":[3],"of":[4,46,59,72,81,91,102,109,122,138,150],"satellite":[5,40],"communication":[6,14],"technologies":[7],"and":[8,33,147,152],"hierarchical":[9],"hybrid":[10],"networks":[11],"(HHSNs),":[12],"modern":[13],"satellites":[15],"have":[16],"transformed":[17],"from":[18],"single-function":[19],"relay":[20],"nodes":[21],"into":[22],"core":[23,66],"hubs":[24],"enabling":[25],"global":[26],"interconnectivity.":[27],"The":[28],"dynamic":[29],"topology,":[30],"open-channel":[31],"environment,":[32],"resource":[34],"limitations":[35],"inherent":[36],"to":[37,43,98],"HHSN":[38,62,103,139,151,158],"expose":[39],"routing":[41,63,104,117,140,159],"protocols":[42,105],"challenges":[45,68],"Reliability-Security-Efficiency":[48],"(RSE)":[49],"trilemma.":[50,87],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,94,142],"provide":[55],"a":[56,120],"systematic":[57],"review":[58,137],"advancements":[60],"in":[61],"research,":[64],"analyzing":[65],"technical":[67],"through":[69],"lens":[71],"typical":[73],"application":[74],"scenarios":[75],"while":[76],"highlighting":[77],"divergent":[79],"performance":[80,101],"various":[82],"solutions":[83],"under":[84],"RSE":[86,111,131],"To":[88],"best":[90],"our":[92,136],"knowledge,":[93],"are":[95],"first":[97],"analyze":[99],"within":[106],"framework":[108],"theory.":[112],"Existing":[113],"reviews":[114],"either":[115],"treat":[116],"merely":[118],"as":[119],"component":[121],"broader":[123],"surveys":[124],"or":[125],"lack":[126],"analysis":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129,135],"trilemma":[132],"framework.":[133],"Building":[134],"protocols,":[141],"discuss":[143],"topology":[145],"description":[146],"security":[148],"aspects":[149],"propose":[153],"potential":[154],"directions":[155],"for":[156],"future":[157],"research.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-02T23:11:23.791532","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}