{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415482604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091","title":"Securing Outsourced Computing With Trusted Execution Environments: A Case Study on China Secure Virtualization","display_name":"Securing Outsourced Computing With Trusted Execution Environments: A Case Study on China Secure Virtualization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415482604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101850665","display_name":"Yaxuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-3262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100688242","display_name":"Kaiping Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-7523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiping Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-7523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088059869","display_name":"Haoping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3489-7103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035522091","display_name":"Jingcheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5146-7343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingcheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5146-7343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031912520","display_name":"Yingjie Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14026663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"2964","last_page":"2980"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing-base","display_name":"Trusted computing base","score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.36039999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7818999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5468999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147346212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492632","display_name":"Trusted computing base","level":4,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777407602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888932","display_name":"Mandatory access control","level":4,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169796023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3708936","display_name":"Direct Anonymous Attestation","level":3,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77109596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Application security","level":5,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780940931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174989","display_name":"File system","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180073179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304359","display_name":"Secure channel","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202775310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140366","display_name":"Trusted Platform Module","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68793194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616095","display_name":"Hardware virtualization","level":5,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3624091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2398330959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3978876333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y202093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914469760","https://openalex.org/W2971644775","https://openalex.org/W3089169695","https://openalex.org/W4285253946","https://openalex.org/W4288057693","https://openalex.org/W4288057796","https://openalex.org/W4306406272","https://openalex.org/W4308644386","https://openalex.org/W4321383493","https://openalex.org/W4364322593","https://openalex.org/W4376958529","https://openalex.org/W4378714401","https://openalex.org/W4379382508","https://openalex.org/W4380905827","https://openalex.org/W4381612161","https://openalex.org/W4385525532","https://openalex.org/W4388709711","https://openalex.org/W4388858368","https://openalex.org/W4389199422","https://openalex.org/W4391623933","https://openalex.org/W4391724753","https://openalex.org/W4391725240","https://openalex.org/W4393404783","https://openalex.org/W4399573658","https://openalex.org/W4400120179","https://openalex.org/W4401212183","https://openalex.org/W4401628462","https://openalex.org/W4402288723","https://openalex.org/W4403094323","https://openalex.org/W4403276760","https://openalex.org/W4403863413","https://openalex.org/W4405170915","https://openalex.org/W4405182342","https://openalex.org/W4406367545","https://openalex.org/W4408749775","https://openalex.org/W4408749954","https://openalex.org/W4408750101","https://openalex.org/W4408848678","https://openalex.org/W4411337221","https://openalex.org/W4414197036"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1],"potential":[2],"risks":[3],"of":[4,75,105,119,206,218,225],"sensitive":[5],"data":[6],"leakage":[7],"and":[8,12,142,168,190,227],"tampering":[9],"during":[10],"transmission":[11],"processing":[13],"in":[14,52,61,67,72],"the":[15,73,103,106,113,117,120,124,129,157,163,170,204,215],"untrusted":[16],"outsourced":[17,68,76,151],"computing":[18,69,153],"environment.":[19],"As":[20,131],"a":[21,31,45,62,100,132,207],"hardware-based":[22],"security":[23,104,188,241],"isolation":[24,57],"technology,":[25],"Trusted":[26],"Execution":[27],"Environments":[28],"(TEEs)":[29],"offer":[30],"novel":[32],"solution":[33],"to":[34,64,88,102,194],"address":[35,145],"such":[36],"issues.":[37],"Within":[38],"TEEs,":[39],"China":[40],"Secure":[41],"Virtualization":[42],"(CSV)":[43],"is":[44,85,111],"forefront":[46],"Confidential":[47],"Virtual":[48],"Machine":[49],"(CVM)":[50],"technology":[51],"China.":[53],"CVMs":[54],"leverage":[55],"hardware-enhanced":[56,216],"between":[58,140],"different":[59],"users":[60,141],"cluster":[63],"preserve":[65],"privacy":[66],"scenarios.":[70],"However,":[71],"practice":[74],"computing,":[77],"CSV":[78,231],"still":[79],"has":[80],"two":[81],"major":[82],"vulnerabilities.":[83],"One":[84],"CSV's":[86,186],"inability":[87],"resist":[89],"malicious":[90,96,181],"code":[91,97],"executed":[92],"within":[93],"it,":[94],"since":[95],"can":[98,179],"pose":[99],"threat":[101],"entire":[107],"system.":[108,130],"The":[109],"other":[110],"that":[112,233],"hardware":[114,187],"cannot":[115,136],"verify":[116],"identity":[118],"entity":[121],"represented":[122],"by":[123],"third-party":[125],"application":[126],"running":[127],"with":[128,175],"result,":[133],"secure":[134,208],"channels":[135],"be":[137],"directly":[138],"established":[139],"applications.":[143,182],"To":[144],"these":[146],"vulnerabilities,":[147],"we":[148,184],"design":[149,195],"an":[150,196],"confidential":[152],"system":[154,174,178,213,235],"based":[155],"on":[156,230],"Chinese-produced":[158],"TEE":[159],"\u2014CSV.":[160],"By":[161],"modifying":[162],"virtual":[164],"machine's":[165],"boot":[166],"process":[167],"refactoring":[169],"application's":[171],"runtime":[172],"file":[173],"OverlayFS,":[176],"our":[177,212,234],"isolate":[180],"Furthermore,":[183],"combine":[185],"features":[189],"embedded":[191],"certificate":[192],"information":[193],"environment-identity":[197],"binding":[198],"authentication":[199],"protocol.":[200],"This":[201],"protocol":[202],"facilitates":[203],"establishment":[205],"communication":[209],"channel.":[210],"Additionally,":[211],"supports":[214],"acceleration":[217],"Chinese":[219],"State":[220],"Cryptography":[221],"Algorithms.":[222],"Extensive":[223],"evaluations":[224],"functionalities":[226],"performance":[228,238],"overhead":[229],"demonstrate":[232],"maintains":[236],"excellent":[237],"while":[239],"ensuring":[240],"under":[242],"real-world":[243],"workloads.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-23T00:00:00"}