{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414270641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330","title":"Beyond Binary Opinions: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach to Uncertainty-Aware Competitive Influence Maximization","display_name":"Beyond Binary Opinions: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach to Uncertainty-Aware Competitive Influence Maximization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414270641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102230303","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2552-087X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092183392","display_name":"Dian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7641-454X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022713560","display_name":"Lance Kaplan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-4471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304082316","display_name":"United States Department of the Army","ror":"https://ror.org/035w1gb98","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lance M. Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024678267","display_name":"Audun J\u00f8sang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-2264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Audun J\u00f8sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075876111","display_name":"Dong Hyun Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174612323","display_name":"University of the District of Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/037wegn60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Hyun Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of the District of Columbia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of the District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352703","display_name":"Feng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4508-5963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011649304","display_name":"Jin-Hee Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5908-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Hee Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102230303"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95395997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"2219","last_page":"2235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8066999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8066999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.7163000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.701200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.863099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.7875999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-relation","display_name":"Binary relation","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.3831000030040741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.863099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.7875999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65180967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130901","display_name":"Binary relation","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020402766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104376712","display_name":"Prior information","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123614077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364905","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3611330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596251256","https://openalex.org/W1982839492","https://openalex.org/W2004331402","https://openalex.org/W2005179971","https://openalex.org/W2009551863","https://openalex.org/W2023167071","https://openalex.org/W2042123098","https://openalex.org/W2061820396","https://openalex.org/W2083689991","https://openalex.org/W2145167176","https://openalex.org/W2152109560","https://openalex.org/W2294347342","https://openalex.org/W2335957883","https://openalex.org/W2556257735","https://openalex.org/W2736635164","https://openalex.org/W2761414249","https://openalex.org/W2766229592","https://openalex.org/W2804441437","https://openalex.org/W2892237532","https://openalex.org/W2948918858","https://openalex.org/W2949687910","https://openalex.org/W2951360122","https://openalex.org/W2952477082","https://openalex.org/W2962709885","https://openalex.org/W2962734907","https://openalex.org/W2963622759","https://openalex.org/W3005220490","https://openalex.org/W3013573132","https://openalex.org/W3017345526","https://openalex.org/W3032887418","https://openalex.org/W3113568521","https://openalex.org/W3144753569","https://openalex.org/W3146297698","https://openalex.org/W3160872503","https://openalex.org/W3168946275","https://openalex.org/W3201389978","https://openalex.org/W3209513055","https://openalex.org/W4200357302","https://openalex.org/W4206951872","https://openalex.org/W4234587807","https://openalex.org/W4250134109","https://openalex.org/W4286220032","https://openalex.org/W4309635395","https://openalex.org/W4309769901","https://openalex.org/W4377029681","https://openalex.org/W4379619682","https://openalex.org/W4381785859","https://openalex.org/W4388282568","https://openalex.org/W4394597273","https://openalex.org/W4394902736","https://openalex.org/W4396766388","https://openalex.org/W4400315678","https://openalex.org/W4400348416","https://openalex.org/W4401415356","https://openalex.org/W4402042710","https://openalex.org/W4404110280","https://openalex.org/W4406457972","https://openalex.org/W4406559547"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Competitive":[1],"Influence":[2],"Maximization":[3],"(CIM)":[4],"problem":[5],"involves":[6],"multiple":[7],"entities":[8],"competing":[9],"for":[10,71,83],"influence":[11,112,131],"in":[12,57,96,130],"online":[13],"social":[14],"networks":[15],"(OSNs).":[16],"While":[17],"Deep":[18],"Reinforcement":[19],"Learning":[20],"(DRL)":[21],"has":[22],"shown":[23],"promise,":[24],"existing":[25],"methods":[26,123],"often":[27],"assume":[28],"users'":[29,161],"opinions":[30],"are":[31],"binary":[32],"and":[33,37,61,79,99,110,128,137,147],"ignore":[34],"their":[35],"behavior":[36],"prior":[38],"knowledge.":[39],"We":[40],"propose":[41],"DRIM,":[42],"a":[43,72],"multi-dimensional":[44],"uncertainty-aware":[45],"DRL-based":[46],"CIM":[47,119],"framework":[48],"that":[49,103,143],"leverages":[50],"Subjective":[51],"Logic":[52],"(SL)":[53],"to":[54,126,135],"model":[55],"uncertainty":[56,78,95],"user":[58,77],"opinions,":[59],"preferences,":[60],"DRL":[62],"decision-making.":[63],"DRIM":[64],"introduces":[65],"an":[66],"Uncertainty-based":[67],"Opinion":[68],"Model":[69],"(UOM)":[70],"more":[73],"realistic":[74],"representation":[75],"of":[76,160],"optimizes":[80],"seed":[81],"selection":[82],"propagating":[84],"true":[85,107],"information":[86,108,116,149],"while":[87,132,153],"countering":[88],"false":[89,115],"information.":[90],"In":[91],"addition,":[92],"it":[93],"quantifies":[94],"balancing":[97],"exploration":[98],"exploitation.":[100],"Results":[101],"show":[102],"UOM":[104],"significantly":[105],"enhances":[106],"spread":[109],"maintains":[111],"against":[113],"advanced":[114],"strategies.":[117],"DRIM-based":[118],"schemes":[120],"outperform":[121],"state-of-the-art":[122],"by":[124],"up":[125,134],"57%":[127],"88%":[129],"being":[133],"48%":[136],"77%":[138],"faster.":[139],"Sensitivity":[140],"analysis":[141],"indicates":[142],"higher":[144],"network":[145,155],"observability":[146],"greater":[148],"propagation":[150],"boost":[151],"performance,":[152],"high":[154],"activity":[156],"mitigates":[157],"the":[158],"effect":[159],"initial":[162],"biases":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
