{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411867002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986","title":"Towards Verifiable Trust Proof for Trusted Confidential Virtual Machines","display_name":"Towards Verifiable Trust Proof for Trusted Confidential Virtual Machines","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411867002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104294405","display_name":"Jingkai Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingkai Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5171-0578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024597522","display_name":"Xiaolin Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-8857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412799","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5232-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5232-6502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754388","display_name":"Haoran Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5630-9910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5630-9910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010535912","display_name":"Junchao Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0617-8101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0617-8101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, and School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87718576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"552","last_page":"567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.8144656419754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7163366079330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6247969269752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46720048785209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-anonymous-attestation","display_name":"Direct Anonymous Attestation","score":0.410236120223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35522425174713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.3452395796775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18983331322669983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.8144656419754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7163366079330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6247969269752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46720048785209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169796023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3708936","display_name":"Direct Anonymous Attestation","level":3,"score":0.410236120223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35522425174713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.3452395796775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18983331322669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3584986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8004072174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029039689","https://openalex.org/W2131718415","https://openalex.org/W2146244799","https://openalex.org/W2795160257","https://openalex.org/W3046653481","https://openalex.org/W3170733732","https://openalex.org/W3180349812","https://openalex.org/W3181455672","https://openalex.org/W3205994385","https://openalex.org/W3209775454","https://openalex.org/W3216159141","https://openalex.org/W4225851476","https://openalex.org/W4288057728","https://openalex.org/W4294691594","https://openalex.org/W4311165716","https://openalex.org/W4319878514","https://openalex.org/W4323338599","https://openalex.org/W4380031550","https://openalex.org/W4386088160","https://openalex.org/W4386179293","https://openalex.org/W4387701059","https://openalex.org/W4388989521","https://openalex.org/W4389279126","https://openalex.org/W4390204325","https://openalex.org/W4391093178","https://openalex.org/W4391623933","https://openalex.org/W4392806465","https://openalex.org/W4394999107","https://openalex.org/W4398234999","https://openalex.org/W4400905308","https://openalex.org/W4401209615","https://openalex.org/W4402158564","https://openalex.org/W4402158592","https://openalex.org/W4402288723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372678089","https://openalex.org/W2695299078","https://openalex.org/W2355956995","https://openalex.org/W2390768934","https://openalex.org/W2350048275","https://openalex.org/W2086874776","https://openalex.org/W2377235694","https://openalex.org/W2028268185","https://openalex.org/W2168345601","https://openalex.org/W2001281341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trusted-Execution-Environment":[0],"(TEE)-based":[1],"Confidential":[2],"Virtual":[3,27],"Machines":[4],"(CVMs)":[5],"deployed":[6],"in":[7,23,129,142],"public":[8],"clouds":[9],"currently":[10],"lack":[11,50,55,60],"verifiable":[12,74,96],"trust":[13,63,75,97,131],"proof":[14,39,76,98],"of":[15,51,56,61,81,118],"their":[16],"running":[17],"state,":[18],"undermining":[19],"remote":[20,82,100],"users'":[21,83,101],"confidence":[22,128],"using":[24],"them.":[25],"While":[26],"Trusted":[28],"Platform":[29],"Module":[30],"(vTPM)":[31],"techniques":[32],"can":[33,149],"be":[34,150],"leveraged":[35],"to":[36,72,77,94,114,139,152],"generate":[37,73,95],"such":[38,161],"for":[40,69,99],"CVMs,":[41],"existing":[42,120],"vTPM-based":[43],"approaches":[44,71,123],"suffer":[45],"from":[46],"three":[47,107],"key":[48],"weaknesses:":[49],"a":[52,110,175],"well-defined":[53],"root-of-trust,":[54],"vTPM":[57,93],"protection,":[58],"and":[59,109,124,170],"vTPM's":[62],"proof.":[64,132],"Consequently,":[65],"it":[66],"is":[67],"hard":[68],"these":[70],"represent":[78],"the":[79,116,119,130,143,153],"states":[80],"CVMs.":[84,104],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"proposes":[87],"T3CVM,":[88],"an":[89],"approach":[90,134,148],"that":[91],"leverages":[92],"AMD":[102],"SEVbased":[103],"T3CVM":[105],"comprises":[106],"components":[108],"trusted":[111,136,144],"boot":[112],"scheme":[113],"overcome":[115],"weaknesses":[117],"state-ofthe-":[121],"art":[122],"then":[125],"increase":[126],"user's":[127],"Our":[133],"allows":[135],"computing-based":[137],"applications":[138],"run":[140],"seamlessly":[141],"CVM.":[145],"Additionally,":[146],"our":[147],"extended":[151],"CVMs":[154],"based":[155],"on":[156],"other":[157],"VM-based":[158],"TEE":[159],"technologies,":[160],"as":[162],"Intel":[163],"TDX.":[164],"We":[165],"formally":[166],"analyze":[167],"T3CVM's":[168],"security":[169],"evaluate":[171],"its":[172],"performance":[173],"through":[174],"prototype":[176],"implementation.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-23T05:10:03.516525","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}