{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409014393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618","title":"Advancing Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: Predicting Appliance-Level Power Consumption With Indirect Supervision","display_name":"Advancing Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: Predicting Appliance-Level Power Consumption With Indirect Supervision","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409014393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016904590","display_name":"Jialing He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-0647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jialing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004398582","display_name":"Jianghua Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-1630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junsen Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073264981","display_name":"Shangwei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-5308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangwei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011957762","display_name":"Zhuo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-6718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007006547","display_name":"Yiwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3400-3632"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Industry Secrecy Examination and Certification Center, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Industry Secrecy Examination and Certification Center, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079461118","display_name":"Tao Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634361","display_name":"Liehuang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-3887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liehuang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016904590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98839086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"2957","last_page":"2973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.6439124345779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4876960217952728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.43782326579093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.43548861145973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42021825909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36365288496017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2355334460735321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.6439124345779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4876960217952728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.43782326579093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.43548861145973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42021825909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36365288496017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2355334460735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3555618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8295861633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1485161427","https://openalex.org/W1744881705","https://openalex.org/W1990571958","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2003594245","https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2047943394","https://openalex.org/W2066525309","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2277465170","https://openalex.org/W2292311507","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2804170114","https://openalex.org/W2877117040","https://openalex.org/W2943836050","https://openalex.org/W2954902529","https://openalex.org/W2963808366","https://openalex.org/W2963999359","https://openalex.org/W2984698916","https://openalex.org/W3005832774","https://openalex.org/W3007681261","https://openalex.org/W3007854430","https://openalex.org/W3008901316","https://openalex.org/W3015396216","https://openalex.org/W3025974780","https://openalex.org/W3093778598","https://openalex.org/W3107101618","https://openalex.org/W3107922427","https://openalex.org/W3112593626","https://openalex.org/W3114933601","https://openalex.org/W3121113880","https://openalex.org/W3131561238","https://openalex.org/W3137856248","https://openalex.org/W3170897091","https://openalex.org/W3173583667","https://openalex.org/W3181965981","https://openalex.org/W3197174132","https://openalex.org/W3199873924","https://openalex.org/W4205535412","https://openalex.org/W4205552909","https://openalex.org/W4226154542","https://openalex.org/W4300192651","https://openalex.org/W4312258802","https://openalex.org/W4313044863","https://openalex.org/W4316021941","https://openalex.org/W4320015930","https://openalex.org/W4367277085","https://openalex.org/W4382239995","https://openalex.org/W4386066677","https://openalex.org/W4391235298","https://openalex.org/W4393074637","https://openalex.org/W4400644893","https://openalex.org/W4400646402","https://openalex.org/W4401508265","https://openalex.org/W4404562994","https://openalex.org/W4405807478","https://openalex.org/W4410358938","https://openalex.org/W6630488282","https://openalex.org/W6681750758","https://openalex.org/W6729591605","https://openalex.org/W6732610271","https://openalex.org/W6863056517","https://openalex.org/W6867605286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997864015","https://openalex.org/W2363394879","https://openalex.org/W2349491863","https://openalex.org/W2352593301","https://openalex.org/W2362442652","https://openalex.org/W2355350486","https://openalex.org/W2220651985","https://openalex.org/W2375086888","https://openalex.org/W4376453582","https://openalex.org/W2360325634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"made":[5],"significant":[6],"progress":[7],"in":[8,94,121],"addressing":[9],"the":[10,63,72,116,136,150,153,157,163,166,179],"Non-Intrusive":[11],"Load":[12],"Monitoring":[13],"(NILM)":[14],"task,":[15],"which":[16,43,90,171],"aims":[17],"to":[18,115,177,204],"disaggregate":[19],"appliance-level":[20],"power":[21,38,82,119,137,160,182],"signals":[22,39,120,138],"from":[23,40],"aggregated":[24,154,159],"meter":[25],"readings.":[26],"Despite":[27],"these":[28,68],"advancements,":[29],"existing":[30],"DNN-based":[31],"NILM":[32,75,208],"approaches":[33],"rely":[34],"on":[35,188],"training":[36],"with":[37],"individual":[41],"appliances,":[42,170],"are":[44,172],"obtained":[45],"intrusively":[46],"through":[47],"sensor":[48],"installations.":[49],"This":[50],"method":[51],"is":[52,146],"not":[53],"only":[54],"expensive":[55],"but":[56],"also":[57],"poses":[58],"a":[59,95,102,108,131],"risk":[60],"of":[61,79,139,169,181,206],"damaging":[62],"original":[64],"circuits.":[65],"To":[66],"overcome":[67],"limitations,":[69],"we":[70,85,129],"introduce":[71],"State-based":[73],"Supervised":[74],"(SS-NILM)":[76],"problem.":[77],"Instead":[78],"using":[80,196],"appliance":[81,118],"signal":[83,183],"labels,":[84],"leverage":[86],"on-off":[87,112,167,198],"state":[88,113,199],"information,":[89,200],"can":[91],"be":[92],"collected":[93],"non-intrusive":[96,197],"manner.":[97],"However,":[98],"solving":[99],"SS-NILM":[100],"presents":[101],"challenge,":[103],"as":[104,174],"it":[105],"requires":[106],"developing":[107],"model":[109,145,164],"that":[110,134,192,205],"maps":[111],"labels":[114],"corresponding":[117],"an":[122],"indirectly":[123],"supervised":[124],"setting.":[125],"In":[126],"this":[127],"work,":[128],"propose":[130],"state-based":[132],"DNN":[133],"predicts":[135,165],"multiple":[140],"target":[141],"appliances":[142],"simultaneously.":[143],"The":[144],"trained":[147,195],"by":[148],"minimizing":[149],"discrepancy":[151],"between":[152],"prediction":[155],"and":[156],"true":[158],"signal.":[161],"Additionally,":[162],"states":[168],"used":[173],"auxiliary":[175],"information":[176],"improve":[178],"accuracy":[180],"predictions.":[184],"Extensive":[185],"experiments":[186],"conducted":[187],"real-world":[189],"datasets":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"our":[193],"model,":[194],"achieves":[201],"performance":[202],"comparable":[203],"traditional":[207],"models.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}