{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406890661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577","title":"DFE: Deep Flow Embedding for Robust Network Traffic Classification","display_name":"DFE: Deep Flow Embedding for Robust Network Traffic Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406890661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030143822","display_name":"Zhijiong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1174-6700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026654173","display_name":"Anguo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-7054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anguo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-7054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001052289","display_name":"Hung Chun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung Chun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1062-9631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067797023","display_name":"Yadong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-8348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-8348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344582","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-718X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-718X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089368710","display_name":"Chan\u2013Tong Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-7744"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Tong Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macau Polytechnic University, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-7744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macau Polytechnic University, Macau, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041126494","display_name":"Peng Un Mak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-5800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Un Mak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-5800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai UM Science &amp; Technology Research Institute-Lingyange Semiconductor Incorporated Joint Laboratory, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037922594","display_name":"Mang I Vai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-0049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mang I Vai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008053134","display_name":"Yueming Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-6043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueming Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-6043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048442222","display_name":"Sio Hang Pun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-2092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sio Hang Pun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-2092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.3816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9946039,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"1597","last_page":"1612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.615444540977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5622835159301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.5064998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37799081206321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16806235909461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.15403494238853455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.615444540977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5622835159301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.5064998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37799081206321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16806235909461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.15403494238853455}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2025.3535577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2352098996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5682116816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8911021611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M750007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47191821","https://openalex.org/W190891760","https://openalex.org/W1481573196","https://openalex.org/W1521553548","https://openalex.org/W1549477237","https://openalex.org/W1639725420","https://openalex.org/W1972532183","https://openalex.org/W1973668864","https://openalex.org/W1977171471","https://openalex.org/W2007283249","https://openalex.org/W2010716466","https://openalex.org/W2019821286","https://openalex.org/W2040403168","https://openalex.org/W2062401262","https://openalex.org/W2083254762","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2096474000","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2124863430","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2284594984","https://openalex.org/W2334238299","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2511505324","https://openalex.org/W2517452113","https://openalex.org/W2545753474","https://openalex.org/W2622719862","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2785889759","https://openalex.org/W2890889928","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2900853407","https://openalex.org/W2911301616","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2942239200","https://openalex.org/W2949072481","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2967001080","https://openalex.org/W2969295985","https://openalex.org/W2974442408","https://openalex.org/W2977526964","https://openalex.org/W2988981864","https://openalex.org/W2989653627","https://openalex.org/W2989799604","https://openalex.org/W3018055328","https://openalex.org/W3025787173","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3035604903","https://openalex.org/W3045474099","https://openalex.org/W3048832564","https://openalex.org/W3080439141","https://openalex.org/W3093400437","https://openalex.org/W3096966075","https://openalex.org/W3106815853","https://openalex.org/W3109491787","https://openalex.org/W3117125172","https://openalex.org/W3119167162","https://openalex.org/W3119431621","https://openalex.org/W3121886859","https://openalex.org/W3134125695","https://openalex.org/W3155231452","https://openalex.org/W3159620875","https://openalex.org/W3165205057","https://openalex.org/W3188724340","https://openalex.org/W3189612867","https://openalex.org/W3199457010","https://openalex.org/W3199790628","https://openalex.org/W3214335780","https://openalex.org/W4210855568","https://openalex.org/W4233865259","https://openalex.org/W4234390219","https://openalex.org/W4285059485","https://openalex.org/W4285208255","https://openalex.org/W4288061885","https://openalex.org/W4294982478","https://openalex.org/W4296473472","https://openalex.org/W4312401453","https://openalex.org/W4312935532","https://openalex.org/W4317603593","https://openalex.org/W4319777595","https://openalex.org/W4379116847","https://openalex.org/W4381198655","https://openalex.org/W4381302320","https://openalex.org/W4386597059","https://openalex.org/W4390547394","https://openalex.org/W4390776044","https://openalex.org/W6635812841","https://openalex.org/W6769348627","https://openalex.org/W6771358182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"People's":[0],"increasing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,145,161],"high-quality":[4],"network":[5,15,133,147],"services":[6],"has":[7],"prompted":[8],"the":[9,30,38,46,58,91,103,108,121,151,157,166,171,174,187,193],"continuous":[10],"attention":[11],"and":[12,33,57,116,126,199],"development":[13],"of":[14,48,53,60,132,173,195],"traffic":[16,62,134,163],"classification":[17],"(NTC).":[18],"In":[19,64],"recent":[20],"years,":[21],"deep":[22,73,80,137],"flow":[23,51,81,196],"inspection":[24],"(DFI)":[25],"is":[26,87,154,183],"considered":[27],"to":[28,36,89,169],"be":[29],"most":[31],"effective":[32,185],"promising":[34],"method":[35,182],"solve":[37],"NTC.":[39],"However,":[40],"DFI":[41,189],"still":[42],"cannot":[43],"effectively":[44],"address":[45],"problem":[47],"changes":[49],"in":[50,98,165,191],"characteristics":[52,197],"complex":[54],"packet":[55,148,175],"flows":[56],"discovery":[59],"new":[61,200],"categories.":[63],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"a":[69],"metric":[70],"learning":[71,74,138],"based":[72],"solution":[75],"with":[76,156],"feature":[77,85,92,130],"compressor,":[78],"named":[79],"embedding":[82,143,152],"(DFE).":[83],"The":[84,136],"compressor":[86],"used":[88],"compress":[90],"information":[93,119],"transmitted":[94],"layer":[95,97],"by":[96],"DL":[99],"backbone":[100,109,140],"while":[101],"maintaining":[102],"computational":[104],"accuracy,":[105],"so":[106],"that":[107,180],"can":[110],"remove":[111],"as":[112,124],"much":[113],"noise,":[114],"redundancy,":[115],"other":[117],"irrelevant":[118],"from":[120],"input":[122],"data":[123],"possible,":[125],"achieve":[127],"more":[128,184],"robust":[129],"extraction":[131],"flow.":[135,149,176],"(DL)":[139],"generates":[141],"an":[142],"vector":[144,153,158],"each":[146,162],"Then":[150],"compared":[155],"template":[159,167],"preset":[160],"type":[164],"library":[168],"determine":[170],"category":[172,201],"Experimental":[177],"results":[178],"verify":[179],"our":[181],"than":[186],"traditional":[188],"methods":[190],"overcoming":[192],"problems":[194],"variation":[198],"discovery.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
