{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405755397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885","title":"Multi-Agent DRL-Based Large-Scale Heterogeneous Task Offloading for Dynamic IoT Systems","display_name":"Multi-Agent DRL-Based Large-Scale Heterogeneous Task Offloading for Dynamic IoT Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405755397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101689054","display_name":"Xiao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5543-4979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5543-4979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054060458","display_name":"Shanchen Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-1218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanchen Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-1218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080195283","display_name":"Haiyuan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyuan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053626221","display_name":"Kuijie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1036-6893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuijie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043209286","display_name":"Nuanlai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-5067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuanlai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-5067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079154509","display_name":"Xue Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao institute of software, College of computer science and technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.929247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"982","last_page":"996"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548301219940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5515685081481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5342411398887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5239772200584412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.516051709651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2598995566368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10958528518676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.10360503196716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06399941444396973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548301219940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5515685081481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5342411398887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5239772200584412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.516051709651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2598995566368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10958528518676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.10360503196716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06399941444396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2024.3521885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550917065","https://openalex.org/W2137800817","https://openalex.org/W2915771847","https://openalex.org/W2994452598","https://openalex.org/W2998354002","https://openalex.org/W3033229102","https://openalex.org/W3045919877","https://openalex.org/W3107207569","https://openalex.org/W3107417205","https://openalex.org/W3136095583","https://openalex.org/W3159162481","https://openalex.org/W3168768468","https://openalex.org/W3176888048","https://openalex.org/W3177007352","https://openalex.org/W3196729312","https://openalex.org/W3208354645","https://openalex.org/W3216355653","https://openalex.org/W4206321341","https://openalex.org/W4211067533","https://openalex.org/W4292830607","https://openalex.org/W4297502246","https://openalex.org/W4304080314","https://openalex.org/W4312624510","https://openalex.org/W4313048468","https://openalex.org/W4313887720","https://openalex.org/W4315630325","https://openalex.org/W4317794990","https://openalex.org/W4368232611","https://openalex.org/W4378364830","https://openalex.org/W4382677748","https://openalex.org/W4383218823","https://openalex.org/W4387196938","https://openalex.org/W4389161457","https://openalex.org/W4393185060","https://openalex.org/W6838667504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"dynamic":[1],"IoT":[2,163],"system,":[3],"the":[4,69,79,96,100,147,157,162],"device":[5],"may":[6],"generate":[7,122],"multiple":[8],"heterogeneous":[9,23],"computational":[10],"tasks,":[11],"that":[12,62,142],"require":[13],"CPU":[14],"and":[15,36,46,114,155],"GPU":[16,30],"co-processing,":[17],"in":[18,126,169],"each":[19],"period.":[20],"Furthermore,":[21],"different":[22],"computing":[24,41,172],"tasks":[25,42],"have":[26,140],"specific":[27],"requirements":[28],"for":[29],"resource":[31],"types.":[32],"Realizing":[33],"real-time":[34,101,128],"scheduling":[35,102],"processing":[37,60,150,159],"of":[38,71,85,99,161],"large-scale":[39,72,170],"hybrid":[40,171],"with":[43,118],"high":[44],"heterogeneity":[45],"dense":[47],"quantity":[48],"has":[49],"become":[50],"an":[51],"urgent":[52],"problem.":[53,103],"First,":[54],"we":[55,77,105,139],"propose":[56,106],"a":[57,83,107],"cloud-based":[58],"task":[59,73,123,149,158,173],"framework":[61],"uses":[63],"multi-level":[64],"feedback":[65],"queues":[66],"to":[67,94,121],"ensure":[68],"fairness":[70],"parallel":[74],"computing.":[75],"Second,":[76],"decoupled":[78],"original":[80],"problem":[81],"into":[82],"series":[84],"mixed-integer":[86],"nonlinear":[87],"programming":[88],"problems":[89],"using":[90],"Lyapunov":[91],"optimization,":[92],"aiming":[93],"reduce":[95,146],"solution":[97],"complexity":[98],"Finally,":[104],"multi-agent":[108],"reinforcement":[109],"learning":[110],"algorithm,":[111],"employing":[112],"long":[113],"short-term":[115],"memory":[116],"networks":[117],"parameter":[119],"resetting,":[120],"offloading":[124],"decisions":[125],"near":[127],"based":[129],"on":[130],"partially":[131],"knowable":[132],"future":[133],"information.":[134],"Through":[135],"extensive":[136],"simulation":[137],"experiments,":[138],"demonstrated":[141],"our":[143],"algorithm":[144],"can":[145],"average":[148],"time":[151],"by":[152,165],"approximately":[153],"19.95%":[154],"enhance":[156],"capability":[160],"system":[164],"roughly":[166],"12.43%,":[167],"especially":[168],"systems.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
