{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387789820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828","title":"Energy-Efficient Graph Reinforced vNFC Deployment in Elastic Optical Inter-DC Networks","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Graph Reinforced vNFC Deployment in Elastic Optical Inter-DC Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387789820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027563148","display_name":"Ruijie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1210-546X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruijie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1210-546X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450635","display_name":"Wenchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8898-7978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8898-7978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048409629","display_name":"Peisen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peisen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-5706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054002624","display_name":"Jianrui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-4222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianrui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-4222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426898","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-8952","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005228053","display_name":"Shui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93492718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"1591","last_page":"1604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7811715602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.7248029112815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6921022534370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6169065237045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.5940987467765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5756253004074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.42538726329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.4190804362297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.312083899974823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1909167766571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.14100760221481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1187828779220581}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7811715602874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.7248029112815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6921022534370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6169065237045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.5940987467765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5756253004074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.42538726329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.4190804362297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.312083899974823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1909167766571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.14100760221481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1187828779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2023.3325828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3463039887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7456404787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232300421148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7571888681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020QNRC001.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","funder_display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7803121516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L222039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7823778866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993405151","https://openalex.org/W2015974813","https://openalex.org/W2602969598","https://openalex.org/W2889109032","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2909468460","https://openalex.org/W2951309479","https://openalex.org/W2963086219","https://openalex.org/W2975992009","https://openalex.org/W2976555169","https://openalex.org/W2977764287","https://openalex.org/W2980900543","https://openalex.org/W2999146029","https://openalex.org/W3004790966","https://openalex.org/W3006670753","https://openalex.org/W3007967430","https://openalex.org/W3010139513","https://openalex.org/W3015395145","https://openalex.org/W3024294849","https://openalex.org/W3028575910","https://openalex.org/W3089022684","https://openalex.org/W3094261304","https://openalex.org/W3098133185","https://openalex.org/W3113037094","https://openalex.org/W3120896639","https://openalex.org/W3128710750","https://openalex.org/W3130239888","https://openalex.org/W3130527638","https://openalex.org/W3133069948","https://openalex.org/W3133993636","https://openalex.org/W3136021864","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3179238719","https://openalex.org/W3196254022","https://openalex.org/W3207153880","https://openalex.org/W3211993620","https://openalex.org/W3212658727","https://openalex.org/W3217270542","https://openalex.org/W4200398352","https://openalex.org/W4200545463","https://openalex.org/W4205397442","https://openalex.org/W4221044392","https://openalex.org/W4221155364","https://openalex.org/W4226519314","https://openalex.org/W4285151070","https://openalex.org/W4285169428","https://openalex.org/W4285186127","https://openalex.org/W4292649401","https://openalex.org/W4293107625","https://openalex.org/W4293770403","https://openalex.org/W4301184255","https://openalex.org/W4313164086","https://openalex.org/W4320029363","https://openalex.org/W4360770797","https://openalex.org/W4377727500","https://openalex.org/W4377971498","https://openalex.org/W4379193841","https://openalex.org/W6773565951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2941957272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,42,47,52,56,60,71,104,125,166,178,185,194,198,211,219],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,41,49,55,59,74,121,130,165],"information":[5],"and":[6,14,37,113,134,158,174,206,222,227],"communication":[7],"technology":[8],"(ICT),":[9],"demand":[11],"for":[12,140],"flexible":[13,36,88],"cost-effective":[15],"network":[16,94],"services":[17],"(NSs)":[18],"is":[19,51,65,98,169],"growing":[20],"exponentially.":[21],"Network":[22],"function":[23,95],"virtualization":[24],"(NFV)":[25],"based":[26,91,153],"on":[27,92,154],"elastic":[28],"optical":[29],"data":[30],"center":[31],"interconnections":[32],"(EO-DCI)":[33],"can":[34],"provide":[35],"timely":[38],"NSs.":[39],"One":[40],"major":[43],"concerns":[44],"that":[45,184],"draws":[46],"attention":[48],"researchers":[50],"exponential":[53],"growth":[54],"energy":[57,72,127,216,225],"consumption":[58,73,128,217,226],"EO-DCI":[61,78,111],"networks.":[62],"Therefore,":[63],"it":[64,122],"a":[66,87,189],"practical":[67],"issue":[68],"to":[69,193],"reduce":[70],"service":[75,82,89],"deployment":[76,107,150],"in":[77,110,171,218,231],"networks":[79,112,161],"while":[80],"ensuring":[81],"success.":[83],"In":[84,177,197],"this":[85],"article,":[86],"provisioning":[90],"virtual":[93],"chain":[96],"(vNFC)":[97],"exploited.":[99],"Then":[100],"we":[101,143],"first":[102],"formulate":[103],"energy-efficient":[105,146],"vNFC":[106,149],"(EE-VNFD)":[108],"problem":[109],"propose":[114,144],"an":[115,145],"Integer":[116],"Linear":[117],"Programming":[118],"(ILP)":[119],"model":[120],"by":[123],"considering":[124],"four":[126],"components":[129],"CPUs,":[131],"ports,":[132],"transponders,":[133],"amplifiers.":[135],"To":[136],"obtain":[137],"feasible":[138],"solutions":[139],"real-scale":[141],"problems,":[142],"graph":[147,159],"reinforced":[148],"(EGRD)":[151],"algorithm":[152,168,187,213],"reinforcement":[155],"learning":[156],"(RL)":[157],"convolutional":[160],"(GCN).":[162],"The":[163],"performance":[164,191],"EGRD":[167,186,212],"evaluated":[170],"both":[172],"static":[173,179],"dynamic":[175,199],"scenarios.":[176],"scenario,":[180,200],"simulation":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"achieves":[188],"near-optimal":[190],"close":[192],"ILP":[195],"model.":[196],"compared":[201],"with":[202],"two":[203,207],"heuristic":[204],"algorithms":[205],"leading":[208],"RL":[209],"algorithms,":[210],"significantly":[214],"reduces":[215],"resource-sufficient":[220],"environment,":[221],"also":[223],"balances":[224],"blocking":[228],"probability":[229],"well":[230],"resource-limited":[232],"environments.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}