{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171918319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","title":"PPSF: A Privacy-Preserving and Secure Framework Using Blockchain-Based Machine-Learning for IoT-Driven Smart Cities","display_name":"PPSF: A Privacy-Preserving and Secure Framework Using Blockchain-Based Machine-Learning for IoT-Driven Smart Cities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171918319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","mag":"3171918319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024849889","display_name":"Prabhat Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-0752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabhat Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-0752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016541555","display_name":"Randhir Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-2970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randhir Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-2970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041541232","display_name":"Gautam Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}],"countries":["CA","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada","Research Center for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090381393","display_name":"Govind P. Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-1572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Govind P. Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049281009","display_name":"Rakesh Tripathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-1514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38335241","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur","ror":"https://ror.org/02y553197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakesh Tripathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-1514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38335241"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041854978","display_name":"Thippa Reddy Gadekallu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thippa Reddy Gadekallu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-801X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103216531","display_name":"Naixue Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192664086","display_name":"Northeastern State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7kzb45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192664086"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neal N. Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northeastern State University, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-4635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northeastern State University, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192664086"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":80.1742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":360,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99974001,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"2326","last_page":"2341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7844998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.5715227723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.527082622051239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5200592875480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4939180016517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.49008405208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4682897925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.42760562896728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3031288981437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13921982049942017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7844998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.5715227723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.527082622051239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5200592875480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4939180016517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.49008405208587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4682897925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42760562896728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3031288981437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13921982049942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3089435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3507557314","display_name":"Lightweight Security, Privacy, and Trust for Internet of Things","funder_award_id":"rgpin-2020-05363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2800753141","https://openalex.org/W2811205501","https://openalex.org/W2905817664","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2925507233","https://openalex.org/W2930456362","https://openalex.org/W2945594226","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2954485493","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2968654610","https://openalex.org/W2984108472","https://openalex.org/W2989699619","https://openalex.org/W2993463367","https://openalex.org/W2998859514","https://openalex.org/W3000480569","https://openalex.org/W3006372726","https://openalex.org/W3006526650","https://openalex.org/W3008569902","https://openalex.org/W3019423257","https://openalex.org/W3022022997","https://openalex.org/W3022550689","https://openalex.org/W3027095011","https://openalex.org/W3033259218","https://openalex.org/W3033675321","https://openalex.org/W3033764928","https://openalex.org/W3035366542","https://openalex.org/W3040649972","https://openalex.org/W3041362921","https://openalex.org/W3091319359","https://openalex.org/W3093556640","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3105452915","https://openalex.org/W3107448032","https://openalex.org/W3108088019","https://openalex.org/W3108615370","https://openalex.org/W3110547954","https://openalex.org/W3119935873","https://openalex.org/W3120131065","https://openalex.org/W3137846090","https://openalex.org/W3138110244","https://openalex.org/W3146319427","https://openalex.org/W3146365514","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6772518989","https://openalex.org/W6777175836","https://openalex.org/W6786216921","https://openalex.org/W6786237348","https://openalex.org/W6786524336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471","https://openalex.org/W4296618677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,13,36,64,111,132,148,176,183,186],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,6,15,59,185],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT),":[8],"smart":[9,21,29,60,77],"cities":[10],"have":[11],"become":[12],"mainstream":[14],"urbanization.":[16],"IoT":[17,112,125,156],"networks":[18],"allow":[19],"distributed":[20],"devices":[22],"to":[23,108,122,174],"collect":[24],"and":[25,49,54,71,92,114,146,161,195],"process":[26],"data":[27,47,113],"within":[28],"city":[30],"infrastructure":[31],"using":[32],"an":[33,93],"open":[34],"channel,":[35],"Internet.":[37],"Thus,":[38],"challenges":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"centralization,":[42],"security,":[43],"privacy":[44,90,101,151],"(e.g.,":[45],"performing":[46],"poisoning":[48],"inference":[50],"attacks),":[51],"transparency,":[52],"scalability,":[53],"verifiability":[55],"limits":[56],"faster":[57],"adaptations":[58],"cities.":[61,78],"Motivated":[62],"by":[63],"aforementioned":[65],"discussions,":[66],"we":[67],"present":[68],"a":[69,88,99,103,128,136,166],"Privacy-Preserving":[70],"Secure":[72],"Framework":[73],"(PPSF)":[74],"for":[75,144],"IoT-driven":[76],"The":[79],"proposed":[80,149,177],"PPSF":[81,178,187],"is":[82,106,120,142],"based":[83,153],"on":[84,154],"two":[85,155],"key":[86],"mechanisms:":[87],"two-level":[89,100,150],"scheme":[91,152],"intrusion":[94,133],"detection":[95,134],"scheme.":[96],"First,":[97],"in":[98,193],"scheme,":[102,135],"blockchain":[104,194],"module":[105],"designed":[107],"securely":[109],"transmit":[110],"Principal":[115],"Component":[116],"Analysis":[117],"(PCA)":[118],"technique":[119],"applied":[121,143],"transform":[123],"raw":[124],"information":[126],"into":[127],"new":[129],"shape.":[130],"In":[131],"Gradient":[137],"Boosting":[138],"Anomaly":[139],"Detector":[140],"(GBAD)":[141],"training":[145],"evaluating":[147],"network":[157],"datasets,":[158],"namely":[159],"ToN-IoT":[160],"BoT-IoT.":[162],"We":[163],"also":[164],"suggest":[165],"blockchain-InterPlanetary":[167],"File":[168],"System":[169],"(IPFS)":[170],"integrated":[171],"Fog-Cloud":[172],"architecture":[173],"deploy":[175],"framework.":[179],"Experimental":[180],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"superiority":[184],"framework":[188],"over":[189],"some":[190],"recent":[191],"approaches":[192],"non-blockchain":[196],"systems.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}