{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167583064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","title":"Auto-FERNet: A Facial Expression Recognition Network With Architecture Search","display_name":"Auto-FERNet: A Facial Expression Recognition Network With Architecture Search","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167583064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","mag":"3167583064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103024119","display_name":"Shiqian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-6726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiqian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318416","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-4350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-4350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048286444","display_name":"Shiping Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiping Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian AI Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian AI Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013941056","display_name":"Kaibo Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9863-9229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaibo Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9863-9229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034022345","display_name":"Yin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-3882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-3882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693197","display_name":"Pan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8629-4622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8629-4622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074290686","display_name":"Tingwen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-846X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58152225","display_name":"Texas A&M University at Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/03vb4dm14","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58152225","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingwen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-846X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58152225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103024119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99000167,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"2213","last_page":"2222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7893834114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7433708906173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7180845737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6849707365036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6312012076377869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5113891959190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.4959627091884613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.49078568816185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.459708034992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4392582178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4205015301704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3355451822280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.33116620779037476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7893834114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7433708906173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7180845737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6849707365036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6312012076377869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5113891959190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.4959627091884613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.49078568816185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.459708034992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4392582178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4205015301704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3355451822280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.33116620779037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2021.3083739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484352698","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4697","issn":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2284030266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP 9-466-1-103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3557088081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546411676","https://openalex.org/W1631012836","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2127483610","https://openalex.org/W2157984551","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166253429","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2195207531","https://openalex.org/W2244142460","https://openalex.org/W2246249023","https://openalex.org/W2251198138","https://openalex.org/W2342413143","https://openalex.org/W2436394355","https://openalex.org/W2486769752","https://openalex.org/W2527430601","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2566938590","https://openalex.org/W2577784528","https://openalex.org/W2590867165","https://openalex.org/W2594529350","https://openalex.org/W2613027692","https://openalex.org/W2613375858","https://openalex.org/W2730601341","https://openalex.org/W2737398044","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2744909235","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2748513770","https://openalex.org/W2750692136","https://openalex.org/W2788853733","https://openalex.org/W2798583514","https://openalex.org/W2805613995","https://openalex.org/W2807998075","https://openalex.org/W2810075754","https://openalex.org/W2885311373","https://openalex.org/W2887063112","https://openalex.org/W2889978276","https://openalex.org/W2899092732","https://openalex.org/W2911366667","https://openalex.org/W2949264490","https://openalex.org/W2951104886","https://openalex.org/W2962746461","https://openalex.org/W2962750597","https://openalex.org/W2962784841","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963112684","https://openalex.org/W2963137684","https://openalex.org/W2963374479","https://openalex.org/W2963712289","https://openalex.org/W2963778169","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964212578","https://openalex.org/W2964259004","https://openalex.org/W2964347177","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2967733054","https://openalex.org/W2972747457","https://openalex.org/W2985650650","https://openalex.org/W2991316804","https://openalex.org/W3001196836","https://openalex.org/W3005396940","https://openalex.org/W3012995654","https://openalex.org/W3034202788","https://openalex.org/W3034357629","https://openalex.org/W3034504038","https://openalex.org/W3034528588","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3083318754","https://openalex.org/W3115909741","https://openalex.org/W3119749347","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3123437761","https://openalex.org/W3139552059","https://openalex.org/W3167017747","https://openalex.org/W4288106374","https://openalex.org/W4288602157","https://openalex.org/W4300687381","https://openalex.org/W6632670727","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6718219422","https://openalex.org/W6727995377","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6731656750","https://openalex.org/W6734593296","https://openalex.org/W6743495212","https://openalex.org/W6745614327","https://openalex.org/W6748057086","https://openalex.org/W6748587240","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6753278433","https://openalex.org/W6753496161","https://openalex.org/W6758799208","https://openalex.org/W6767763749","https://openalex.org/W6767773541","https://openalex.org/W6770564647","https://openalex.org/W6773328838","https://openalex.org/W6773972038","https://openalex.org/W6774938192","https://openalex.org/W6775367004","https://openalex.org/W6787986395","https://openalex.org/W6792561682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2642127892","https://openalex.org/W4205986151","https://openalex.org/W2355913164","https://openalex.org/W3089923070","https://openalex.org/W2162992774","https://openalex.org/W1153638794","https://openalex.org/W2168968280","https://openalex.org/W2231516625","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W2901126000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"convolutional":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3,30,59],"have":[4,61,133],"achieved":[5],"great":[6],"success":[7],"in":[8,17,50,101],"facial":[9],"expression":[10],"datasets":[11,100],"both":[12],"under":[13],"laboratory":[14],"conditions":[15],"and":[16,74,127,167,179],"the":[18,51,54,102,120,128,135,138,170,185],"wild.":[19,52],"However,":[20],"most":[21],"of":[22,130,137,151,175,187],"these":[23,56,68],"related":[24],"researches":[25],"use":[26],"general":[27],"image":[28],"classification":[29],"(e.g.,":[31],"VGG,":[32],"GoogLeNet)":[33],"as":[34],"backbones,":[35],"which":[36,81,182],"leads":[37],"to":[38,42,118],"inadaptability":[39],"while":[40],"applying":[41],"Facial":[43,76,114],"Expression":[44,77,115],"Recognition":[45,78],"(FER)":[46],"task,":[47],"especially":[48],"those":[49],"In":[53],"meantime,":[55],"manually":[57],"designed":[58],"usually":[60],"large":[62],"parameter":[63],"size.":[64],"To":[65],"tackle":[66],"with":[67,172],"problems,":[69],"we":[70,104],"propose":[71],"an":[72,173],"appropriative":[73],"lightweight":[75],"Network":[79],"Auto-FERNet,":[80],"is":[82],"automatically":[83],"searched":[84,139],"by":[85,124],"a":[86,106,148],"differentiable":[87],"Neural":[88],"Architecture":[89],"Search":[90],"(NAS)":[91],"model":[92],"directly":[93],"on":[94,113,141,153,165],"FER":[95,99,142],"dataset.":[96],"Furthermore,":[97],"for":[98],"wild,":[103],"design":[105],"simple":[107],"yet":[108],"effective":[109],"relabeling":[110],"method":[111],"based":[112],"Similarity":[116],"(FES)":[117],"alleviate":[119],"uncertainty":[121],"problem":[122],"caused":[123],"natural":[125],"factors":[126],"subjectivity":[129],"annotators.":[131],"Experiments":[132],"shown":[134],"effectiveness":[136],"Auto-FERNet":[140],"task.":[143],"Concretely,":[144],"our":[145,188],"architecture":[146],"achieves":[147],"test":[149],"accuracy":[150,174],"73.78%":[152],"FER2013":[154],"without":[155],"ensemble":[156],"or":[157],"extra":[158],"training":[159],"data.":[160],"And":[161],"noteworthily,":[162],"experimental":[163],"results":[164],"CK+":[166],"JAFFE":[168],"outperform":[169],"state-of-the-art":[171],"98.89%":[176],"(10":[177],"folds)":[178],"97.14%,":[180],"respectively,":[181],"also":[183],"validate":[184],"robustness":[186],"system.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}