{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415594096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","title":"SNN-FT: Temporal-Coded Spiking Neural Networks for Fourier Transform","display_name":"SNN-FT: Temporal-Coded Spiking Neural Networks for Fourier Transform","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415594096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41144417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107229749","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6028-9748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6028-9748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haorui Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haorui Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101672479","display_name":"Yukun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-7866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042364148","display_name":"Ammar Belatreche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-9366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Belatreche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-9366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guoqing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9812-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9812-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040632841","display_name":"Yeying Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-9534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeying Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341980","display_name":"Jibin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence and the Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence and the Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031886937","display_name":"Malu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-0974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397616","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5070-4511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5070-4511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93625087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"4","first_page":"1618","last_page":"1630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7623999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6955000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-neuron-model","display_name":"Biological neuron model","score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4603999853134155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7623999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6955000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186565885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651163","display_name":"Biological neuron model","level":3,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177058","display_name":"Artificial neuron","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3622893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41144417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41144417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1294623083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62220106008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2159245610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2799040894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134],"Fourier":[1],"transform":[2],"(FT)":[3],"stands":[4],"as":[5,51,132,150,152,171],"a":[6,25,52,101,108,119,196],"fundamental":[7],"tool":[8],"in":[9,88,148],"modern":[10],"signal":[11,175],"processing":[12],"with":[13,118,202],"widespread":[14],"applications":[15,207],"across":[16,208],"various":[17],"scientific":[18,210],"and":[19,71,85,94,144,173,177,186,211],"engineering":[20,212],"fields.":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"there":[23],"remains":[24],"need":[26],"for":[27,205],"continued":[28],"research":[29],"efforts":[30],"to":[31,39,131,140],"devise":[32],"energy-efficient":[33,198],"implementations":[34,59],"of":[35,60,82,159,184],"the":[36,61,79,89,141,157,160,178,182,190],"FT.":[37],"Due":[38],"their":[40],"inherent":[41],"energy":[42],"efficiency,":[43],"biologically":[44],"plausible":[45],"spiking":[46,95,122],"neural":[47],"networks":[48],"(SNNs)":[49],"emerge":[50],"promising":[53],"alternative":[54,163],"solution.":[55],"However,":[56],"current":[57],"SNN":[58],"FT":[62,104,143,206],"suffer":[63],"from":[64],"two":[65],"key":[66],"shortcomings,":[67],"namely,":[68],"high":[69],"latency":[70],"reduced":[72,153],"accuracy.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"analyze":[78],"underlying":[80],"causes":[81],"these":[83],"limitations":[84],"highlight":[86],"deficiencies":[87],"existing":[90,191],"spike-based":[91],"encoding":[92,113],"mechanisms":[93],"neuron":[96,123],"models.":[97],"We":[98,155],"then":[99],"propose":[100],"new":[102],"SNN-based":[103],"(SNN-FT)":[105],"based":[106,126],"on":[107,127,167],"logarithmically":[109],"polarized":[110],"time-to-first-spike":[111],"(TTFS)":[112],"method":[114],"(called":[115],"LP-TTFS)":[116],"along":[117],"novel":[120,197],"piecewise":[121],"(PTSN)":[124],"model":[125],"ternary":[128],"spikes":[129],"(referred":[130],"PTSN).":[133],"resulting":[135],"SNN-FT":[136,162,185],"is":[137],"mathematically":[138],"equivalent":[139],"conventional":[142],"demonstrates":[145],"superior":[146],"performance":[147,158],"accuracy":[149],"well":[151],"latency.":[154],"assess":[156],"proposed":[161],"through":[164],"extensive":[165],"experiments":[166],"FT-based":[168],"applications,":[169],"such":[170],"radar":[172],"audio":[174],"processing,":[176],"obtained":[179],"results":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"efficacy":[183],"its":[187],"superiority":[188],"over":[189],"approaches.":[192],"This":[193],"study":[194],"unveils":[195],"neuromorphic":[199],"computing":[200],"technique":[201],"great":[203],"potential":[204],"diverse":[209],"domains.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}