{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414538841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","title":"An Empirical Study of Federated Learning on IoT\u2013Edge Devices: Resource Allocation and Heterogeneity","display_name":"An Empirical Study of Federated Learning on IoT\u2013Edge Devices: Resource Allocation and Heterogeneity","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414538841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41004377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059359253","display_name":"Kok\u2010Seng Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-7644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kok-Seng Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-7644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102709793","display_name":"Duc-Manh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9668-4974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc-Manh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9668-4974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066895530","display_name":"Khiem H. Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-6864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khiem Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-6864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111955866","display_name":"Lap Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4948-5395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4948-5395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081361909","display_name":"Cuong Do","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-4524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuong Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-4524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084289174","display_name":"Danh Le-Phuoc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-9261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danh Le-Phuoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-9261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0578,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95195054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"753","last_page":"765"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.6108999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7825000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.6108999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3611415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41004377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41004377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2977090839","https://openalex.org/W2989289980","https://openalex.org/W2991236681","https://openalex.org/W3111919937","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3182828306","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W3209696639","https://openalex.org/W3210933050","https://openalex.org/W3212135426","https://openalex.org/W4200234277","https://openalex.org/W4287332481","https://openalex.org/W4297238462","https://openalex.org/W4399262484"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"billions":[1],"of":[2,39,101,120,155,161,176,185],"phones,":[3],"internet-of-things":[4],"(IoT),":[5],"and":[6,20,28,60,122,136,139,171,178],"edge":[7,123],"devices":[8,36,124],"around":[9],"the":[10,99,151,159,174,182],"world":[11],"generate":[12],"data":[13,31,70],"continuously,":[14],"enabling":[15],"many":[16],"machine-learning":[17],"(ML)-based":[18],"products":[19],"applications.":[21],"However,":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,33,128],"increasing":[25],"privacy":[26],"concerns":[27],"regulations,":[29],"these":[30],"tend":[32],"reside":[34],"on":[35,77,116,146],"(clients)":[37],"instead":[38],"being":[40],"centralized":[41],"for":[42,169],"performing":[43],"traditional":[44],"ML":[45,66],"model":[46,67],"training.":[47],"Federated":[48],"learning":[49,134],"(FL)":[50],"is":[51,150],"a":[52,57,89,93,117],"distributed":[53],"approach":[54],"in":[55,104,180],"which":[56,149],"single":[58],"server":[59],"multiple":[61],"clients":[62],"collaboratively":[63],"build":[64],"an":[65],"without":[68],"moving":[69],"away":[71],"from":[72],"clients.":[73],"Whereas":[74],"existing":[75],"studies":[76],"FL":[78,102,130,177,187],"have":[79],"their":[80],"own":[81],"experimental":[82],"evaluations,":[83],"most":[84,152],"experiments":[85,115],"were":[86],"conducted":[87],"using":[88],"simulation":[90],"setting":[91],"or":[92],"small-scale":[94],"testbed.":[95],"This":[96],"might":[97],"limit":[98],"understanding":[100],"implementation":[103],"realistic":[105],"environments.":[106],"In":[107],"this":[108],"empirical":[109],"study,":[110],"we":[111,143],"systematically":[112],"conduct":[113],"extensive":[114],"large":[118],"network":[119],"IoT":[121],"(called":[125],"IoT-Edge":[126],"devices)":[127],"present":[129],"real-world":[131],"characteristics,":[132],"including":[133],"performance":[135],"operation":[137],"(computation":[138],"communication)":[140],"costs.":[141],"Moreover,":[142],"mainly":[144],"concentrate":[145],"heterogeneous":[147],"scenarios,":[148],"challenging":[153],"issue":[154],"FL.":[156],"By":[157],"investigating":[158],"feasibility":[160],"on-device":[162],"implementation,":[163],"our":[164],"study":[165],"provides":[166],"valuable":[167],"insights":[168],"researchers":[170],"practitioners,":[172],"promoting":[173],"practicality":[175],"assisting":[179],"improving":[181],"current":[183],"design":[184],"real":[186],"systems.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}