{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416113995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","title":"On Continuity of Robust and Accurate Classifiers","display_name":"On Continuity of Robust and Accurate Classifiers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416113995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41217919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120344504","display_name":"Ramin Barati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7770-7035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramin Barati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043747222","display_name":"Reza Safabakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-8026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Safabakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015923030","display_name":"Mohammad Rahmati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-6910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Rahmati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120344504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1905908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"701","last_page":"710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7002999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenon","display_name":"Phenomenon","score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds","display_name":"Odds","score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-learning-theory","display_name":"Statistical learning theory","score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.322299987077713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7002999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.535099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779915298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604400","display_name":"Statistical learning theory","level":3,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3610816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41217919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41217919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488781340","https://openalex.org/W1866311589","https://openalex.org/W1983296385","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2768346313","https://openalex.org/W2884801476","https://openalex.org/W2887603965","https://openalex.org/W2963341057","https://openalex.org/W2964110066","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3107235539","https://openalex.org/W3108574066","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W3200113267","https://openalex.org/W3206918971","https://openalex.org/W4224923640","https://openalex.org/W4236362309","https://openalex.org/W4380611142","https://openalex.org/W4390187158","https://openalex.org/W4399426587"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"reliability":[1],"of":[2,12,32,50,67,78,93,116,129,153,187,207,230,233,246,263],"a":[3,19,29,94,117,135,147,150,184,193,211,225,231,240],"learning":[4,14,159,181,197,250],"model":[5],"is":[6,39,113,120,256,270,279,294,309],"key":[7],"to":[8,41,46,239,258,288,296],"the":[9,33,43,47,51,65,68,76,108,114,141,208,217,228,247,261,317,324],"successful":[10],"deployment":[11],"machine":[13,54,180,249],"in":[15,53,127,158,177,221,272,281,290,311,329],"various":[16],"applications.":[17],"Creating":[18],"robust":[20,143,194,264],"model,":[21],"particularly":[22],"one":[23],"unaffected":[24],"by":[25],"adversarial":[26,34,61,218],"attacks,":[27],"requires":[28],"comprehensive":[30],"understanding":[31],"examples":[35,219],"phenomenon.":[36],"However,":[37,70],"it":[38,85,112,255,269,315],"difficult":[40],"describe":[42],"phenomenon":[44,220],"due":[45],"complicated":[48],"nature":[49],"problems":[52],"learning.":[55],"It":[56,278,293,308],"has":[57,86],"been":[58,87],"shown":[59],"that":[60,89,111,119,166,192,244,319],"training":[62],"can":[63,286,327],"improve":[64],"robustness":[66,90,124],"hypothesis.":[69,144],"this":[71,103],"improvement":[72],"usually":[73],"comes":[74],"at":[75,97],"cost":[77],"decreased":[79],"performance":[80,320],"on":[81],"natural":[82],"samples.":[83],"Hence,":[84],"suggested":[88],"and":[91,125,155,162,195,235,265,276],"accuracy":[92,126,325],"hypothesis":[95,118],"are":[96,252],"odds":[98],"with":[99,122],"each":[100],"other.":[101],"In":[102,132],"article,":[104],"we":[105],"put":[106],"forth":[107],"alternative":[109],"proposal":[110],"continuity":[115,229,262],"incompatible":[121],"its":[123,236],"many":[128,245],"these":[130,222,298,331],"scenarios.":[131],"other":[133],"words,":[134],"continuous":[136,167,202,253],"function":[137],"cannot":[138],"effectively":[139],"learn":[140],"optimal":[142],"We":[145],"introduce":[146],"framework":[148],"for":[149,204],"rigorous":[151],"study":[152,260],"harmonic":[154],"holomorphic":[156],"hypotheses":[157,168,176,203],"theory":[160],"terms":[161],"provide":[163],"empirical":[164],"evidence":[165],"do":[169],"not":[170],"perform":[171],"as":[172,174,224,268,284,300,323],"well":[173],"discontinuous":[175,241],"some":[178],"common":[179],"tasks.":[182],"From":[183,210],"practical":[185],"point":[186],"view,":[188],"our":[189,214],"results":[190],"suggest":[191],"accurate":[196,266],"rule":[198],"would":[199],"train":[200],"different":[201,205],"regions":[206],"domain.":[209,307],"theoretical":[212],"perspective,":[213],"analysis":[215],"explains":[216],"situations":[223],"conflict":[226],"between":[227],"sequence":[232],"functions":[234],"uniform":[237],"convergence":[238],"function.":[242],"Given":[243],"contemporary":[248],"models":[251],"functions,":[254],"important":[257,280],"theoretically":[259],"classifiers":[267,299],"consequential":[271],"their":[273,282,291,306,312],"construction,":[274],"analysis,":[275],"evaluation.":[277],"construction":[283],"discontinuities":[285],"lead":[287],"artifacts":[289],"approximations.":[292],"necessary":[295],"analyze":[297],"they":[301],"carry":[302],"topological":[303],"information":[304],"about":[305],"critical":[310],"evaluation":[313],"because":[314],"reveals":[316],"ways":[318],"metrics,":[321],"such":[322],"score,":[326],"fail":[328],"assessing":[330],"classifiers.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}