{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413138344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","title":"Constraint-Driven Causal Representation Learning for Vigilance Robust Estimation in Brain\u2013Computer Interface","display_name":"Constraint-Driven Causal Representation Learning for Vigilance Robust Estimation in Brain\u2013Computer Interface","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413138344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40811166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101840710","display_name":"Xuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-0072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-0072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2335-1625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2335-1625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363816","display_name":"Zhigang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-8671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-8671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657570","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-4607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-4607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100747519","display_name":"Weijia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-5777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-5777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109090579","display_name":"Hong-Xin Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4041-0770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4041-0770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016190451","display_name":"Junru Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9262-4966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junru Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-637X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-637X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380066","display_name":"Bin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-5413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-5413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057680942","display_name":"Qunxi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-3019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunxi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-3019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and Intervention, Ministry of Education, and the School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75581803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"12","first_page":"20328","last_page":"20342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.7525413036346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7211496829986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vigilance","display_name":"Vigilance (psychology)","score":0.651556670665741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5530546307563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5288226008415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48637035489082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.2551746964454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14905250072479248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7525413036346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7211496829986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192769605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418914","display_name":"Vigilance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.651556670665741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5530546307563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5288226008415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48637035489082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2551746964454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14905250072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3594434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40811166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40811166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1056251607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62227807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1075678864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32241027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3109166434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0201900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5298742929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7532996141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8204839326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0200601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017144821","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2558193840","https://openalex.org/W2890363742","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2990200213","https://openalex.org/W2998083796","https://openalex.org/W3014541730","https://openalex.org/W3024961463","https://openalex.org/W3030784874","https://openalex.org/W3034591020","https://openalex.org/W3037958625","https://openalex.org/W3086685176","https://openalex.org/W3087272725","https://openalex.org/W3091985207","https://openalex.org/W3135149588","https://openalex.org/W3135207255","https://openalex.org/W3140416091","https://openalex.org/W3153269070","https://openalex.org/W3172153656","https://openalex.org/W3173377275","https://openalex.org/W3203755984","https://openalex.org/W3209029063","https://openalex.org/W3214662938","https://openalex.org/W4220781804","https://openalex.org/W4225099666","https://openalex.org/W4285066626","https://openalex.org/W4285279559","https://openalex.org/W4304086659","https://openalex.org/W4306708277","https://openalex.org/W4312905192","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4313479389","https://openalex.org/W4316653316","https://openalex.org/W4319867819","https://openalex.org/W4319934143","https://openalex.org/W4364302344","https://openalex.org/W4367396172","https://openalex.org/W4376457057","https://openalex.org/W4380520155","https://openalex.org/W4385417249","https://openalex.org/W4386401576","https://openalex.org/W4387717514","https://openalex.org/W4388052728","https://openalex.org/W4388491757","https://openalex.org/W4393147607","https://openalex.org/W4393379211","https://openalex.org/W4396605212","https://openalex.org/W4398131456","https://openalex.org/W4398249769","https://openalex.org/W4399337176","https://openalex.org/W4400680206","https://openalex.org/W4401437775","https://openalex.org/W4402419708","https://openalex.org/W4402422261","https://openalex.org/W4402526949","https://openalex.org/W4404370846","https://openalex.org/W4404893142","https://openalex.org/W4405489155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vigilance":[0],"estimation":[1],"is":[2,71],"a":[3,101,170,183],"critical":[4],"task":[5],"within":[6],"the":[7,80,84,91,97,138,143,159,178,195,214,219],"field":[8],"of":[9,68,127,218],"brain-computer":[10],"interfaces,":[11],"extensively":[12],"applied":[13,56],"in":[14,41,233],"monitoring":[15],"and":[16,93,109,132,161,201,216],"optimizing":[17],"user":[18],"states":[19],"during":[20],"human-machine":[21],"interaction":[22],"using":[23],"electroencephalography":[24],"(EEG).":[25],"However,":[26],"most":[27],"existing":[28],"vigilance":[29,120,196,234],"prediction":[30],"frameworks":[31],"are":[32,151],"prone":[33],"to":[34,57,72,107,157,187,194],"spurious":[35,111],"correlations":[36],"stemming":[37],"from":[38,79,114,165],"inherent":[39],"biases":[40,45],"collected":[42],"data.":[43],"These":[44],"involve":[46],"relevant":[47],"but":[48],"vigilance-independent":[49],"information,":[50],"which":[51,168],"may":[52],"lack":[53],"robustness":[54],"when":[55],"different":[58],"data":[59,87,117,150],"distributions,":[60],"i.e.,":[61],"out-of-distribution":[62],"(OOD)":[63],"scenarios.":[64],"The":[65,122],"core":[66],"idea":[67],"this":[69,224],"study":[70],"learn":[73,188],"constraints":[74],"that":[75],"capture":[76,158],"causal":[77,103,134],"information":[78,135,164],"input":[81,172],"based":[82,141],"on":[83,142,208],"assumed":[85],"underlying":[86],"generating":[88],"process.":[89],"Leveraging":[90],"disentanglement":[92,175,185],"invariance":[94,202],"principles":[95],"behind":[96],"assumptions,":[98],"we":[99,181],"propose":[100,182],"constraint-driven":[102,133],"representation":[104],"learning":[105],"(CCRL)":[106],"identify":[108],"separate":[110],"latent":[112,190],"variables":[113],"biased":[115],"training":[116,124,149],"for":[118,153,173,229],"generalized":[119],"estimation.":[121,235],"CCRL":[123],"process":[125],"consists":[126],"two":[128,209],"phases:":[129],"self-supervised":[130],"pretraining":[131],"disentanglement.":[136],"In":[137,177,222],"first":[139],"phase,":[140,180],"masked":[144],"autoencoder":[145],"(MAE)":[146],"architecture,":[147],"unlabeled":[148],"used":[152],"reconstructing":[154],"pretext":[155],"tasks":[156],"comprehensive":[160],"intrinsic":[162],"contextual":[163],"EEG":[166],"data,":[167],"provides":[169],"powerful":[171],"downstream":[174],"learning.":[176],"second":[179],"novel":[184],"strategy":[186],"spurious-free":[189],"representations":[191],"causally":[192],"related":[193],"state":[197],"driven":[198],"by":[199],"adversarial":[200],"constraints.":[203],"Comprehensive":[204],"validation":[205],"experiments":[206],"conducted":[207],"well-known":[210],"public":[211],"datasets":[212],"demonstrate":[213],"effectiveness":[215],"superiority":[217],"proposed":[220],"framework.":[221],"general,":[223],"work":[225],"has":[226],"promising":[227],"implications":[228],"addressing":[230],"OOD":[231],"challenges":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}