{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411358943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","title":"FX-DARTS: Designing Topology-Unconstrained Architectures With Differentiable Architecture Search and Entropy-BasedSuper-Network Shrinking","display_name":"FX-DARTS: Designing Topology-Unconstrained Architectures With Differentiable Architecture Search and Entropy-BasedSuper-Network Shrinking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411358943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40526552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070587361","display_name":"Xuan Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3142-3091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3142-3091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074387543","display_name":"Bo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-7342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-7342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004057129","display_name":"Derong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-4778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005003786","display_name":"Cesare Alippi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesare Alippi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-0025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070587361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85614396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"10","first_page":"19356","last_page":"19369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.6577756404876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5185428261756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.518494725227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5019733905792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4725598692893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3421916961669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11268588900566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.10622555017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.06731617450714111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.6577756404876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5185428261756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.518494725227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5019733905792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4725598692893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3421916961669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11268588900566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10622555017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.06731617450714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3575505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40526552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40526552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1309010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1309010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2169308062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0100203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5781595123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1243300008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6793129451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62350055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6927519788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8816108514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2142826891","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2277132981","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2791797404","https://openalex.org/W2796096089","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2960010704","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2966284335","https://openalex.org/W2972862002","https://openalex.org/W2981985696","https://openalex.org/W3019166713","https://openalex.org/W3030728803","https://openalex.org/W3034429256","https://openalex.org/W3091906466","https://openalex.org/W3095194728","https://openalex.org/W3107893198","https://openalex.org/W3129613340","https://openalex.org/W3161934206","https://openalex.org/W3162244421","https://openalex.org/W3165672175","https://openalex.org/W3172317602","https://openalex.org/W3182590016","https://openalex.org/W3184418149","https://openalex.org/W3195378344","https://openalex.org/W4205712147","https://openalex.org/W4213439605","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4309335280","https://openalex.org/W4312545227","https://openalex.org/W4383890458","https://openalex.org/W4385945649","https://openalex.org/W4390659227","https://openalex.org/W4390753745","https://openalex.org/W4391684805","https://openalex.org/W4391936163","https://openalex.org/W4392519604","https://openalex.org/W4393154517","https://openalex.org/W4402642373","https://openalex.org/W4411244761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W4285277090","https://openalex.org/W4327738859","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2348722996","https://openalex.org/W2142036596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strong":[0],"priors":[1,37],"are":[2],"imposed":[3],"on":[4,84,144],"the":[5,17,21,43,50,60,89,95,112,116,124,135,138],"search":[6,11,140,171],"space":[7],"of":[8,16,45,53,118,126,153,157],"differentiable":[9],"architecture":[10],"(DARTS),":[12],"such":[13],"that":[14,149],"cells":[15],"same":[18,22],"type":[19],"share":[20],"topological":[23],"structure":[24],"and":[25,41,58,87,165],"each":[26],"intermediate":[27],"node":[28],"retains":[29],"two":[30],"operators":[31],"from":[32,63,115],"distinct":[33],"nodes.":[34],"While":[35],"these":[36,78],"reduce":[38,77],"optimization":[39,61],"difficulties":[40],"improve":[42],"applicability":[44],"searched":[46],"architectures,":[47],"they":[48],"hinder":[49],"subsequent":[51],"development":[52],"automated":[54],"machine":[55],"learning":[56],"(auto-ML)":[57],"prevent":[59],"algorithm":[62],"exploring":[64,154],"more":[65],"powerful":[66],"neural":[67,127,158],"networks":[68],"through":[69],"improved":[70],"architectural":[71],"flexibility.":[72],"This":[73],"article":[74],"aims":[75],"to":[76,110],"prior":[79,119,131],"constraints":[80],"by":[81],"eliminating":[82],"restrictions":[83],"cell":[85],"topology":[86],"modifying":[88],"discretization":[90],"mechanism":[91],"for":[92],"super-networks.":[93],"Specifically,":[94],"flexible":[96],"DARTS":[97],"(FX-DARTS)":[98],"method,":[99],"which":[100],"leverages":[101],"an":[102],"entropy-based":[103],"super-network":[104],"shrinking":[105],"(ESS)":[106],"framework,":[107],"is":[108,151],"presented":[109],"address":[111],"challenges":[113],"arising":[114],"elimination":[117],"constraints.":[120],"Notably,":[121],"FX-DARTS":[122,150],"enables":[123],"derivation":[125],"architectures":[128,159],"without":[129],"strict":[130],"rules":[132],"while":[133],"maintaining":[134],"stability":[136],"in":[137],"enlarged":[139],"space.":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"image":[145],"classification":[146],"benchmarks":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"capable":[152],"a":[155,169],"set":[156],"with":[160],"competitive":[161],"trade-offs":[162],"between":[163],"performance":[164],"computational":[166],"complexity":[167],"within":[168],"single":[170],"procedure.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}