{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410393759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","title":"Threats and Defenses in the Federated Learning Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Survey and Challenges","display_name":"Threats and Defenses in the Federated Learning Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Survey and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410393759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40372861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047237748","display_name":"Yanli Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9842-2209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanli Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9842-2209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038495575","display_name":"Zhongliang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-3021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085159464","display_name":"Nan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-9227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-9227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101987301","display_name":"Huaming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-472X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054168288","display_name":"Dong Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-0888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069969191","display_name":"Weiping Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiping Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-7347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047237748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":125.4167,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99969105,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"9","first_page":"15643","last_page":"15663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13830","display_name":"Educational Curriculum and Learning Methods","score":0.32269999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13830","display_name":"Educational Curriculum and Learning Methods","score":0.32269999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4151190519332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34944948554039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3244628310203552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4151190519332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34944948554039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3244628310203552}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3563537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40372861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40372861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4286351655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2433216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4740495123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFE0202700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6426309326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24KJB520032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335440","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7476944060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20231337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335440","display_name":"Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":159,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543354430","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2053801139","https://openalex.org/W2103154003","https://openalex.org/W2151298633","https://openalex.org/W2399587145","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2591882872","https://openalex.org/W2630997112","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2897830718","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2941578813","https://openalex.org/W2956355137","https://openalex.org/W2963334472","https://openalex.org/W2963378725","https://openalex.org/W2963456518","https://openalex.org/W2964162474","https://openalex.org/W2965981069","https://openalex.org/W2977090839","https://openalex.org/W2977797911","https://openalex.org/W2979956265","https://openalex.org/W2981338466","https://openalex.org/W2984693664","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3002416713","https://openalex.org/W3004155269","https://openalex.org/W3006403184","https://openalex.org/W3011235318","https://openalex.org/W3012360060","https://openalex.org/W3016169665","https://openalex.org/W3017123256","https://openalex.org/W3020949888","https://openalex.org/W3027749727","https://openalex.org/W3033966392","https://openalex.org/W3034957837","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3036791758","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3046449784","https://openalex.org/W3080934299","https://openalex.org/W3087391814","https://openalex.org/W3090383361","https://openalex.org/W3090750097","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3096199834","https://openalex.org/W3106378891","https://openalex.org/W3111919937","https://openalex.org/W3113308842","https://openalex.org/W3116740735","https://openalex.org/W3118996476","https://openalex.org/W3128515475","https://openalex.org/W3136620885","https://openalex.org/W3138090943","https://openalex.org/W3138153888","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3138912819","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3156226702","https://openalex.org/W3158967187","https://openalex.org/W3159623990","https://openalex.org/W3175192640","https://openalex.org/W3175919946","https://openalex.org/W3176786489","https://openalex.org/W3187574650","https://openalex.org/W3192649393","https://openalex.org/W3200840849","https://openalex.org/W3205701848","https://openalex.org/W3209696639","https://openalex.org/W3209752568","https://openalex.org/W4210960727","https://openalex.org/W4213446860","https://openalex.org/W4220883012","https://openalex.org/W4220909006","https://openalex.org/W4221146015","https://openalex.org/W4224231904","https://openalex.org/W4225423421","https://openalex.org/W4226101686","https://openalex.org/W4285095301","https://openalex.org/W4285206772","https://openalex.org/W4285214574","https://openalex.org/W4285291707","https://openalex.org/W4288057793","https://openalex.org/W4289866548","https://openalex.org/W4290989957","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4295806247","https://openalex.org/W4310677091","https://openalex.org/W4311848315","https://openalex.org/W4312705808","https://openalex.org/W4312809802","https://openalex.org/W4313461186","https://openalex.org/W4313595282","https://openalex.org/W4318242821","https://openalex.org/W4320717670","https://openalex.org/W4321608017","https://openalex.org/W4323670134","https://openalex.org/W4365504981","https://openalex.org/W4366377768","https://openalex.org/W4367277048","https://openalex.org/W4367310870","https://openalex.org/W4367310953","https://openalex.org/W4375929024","https://openalex.org/W4376464626","https://openalex.org/W4377293783","https://openalex.org/W4379468355","https://openalex.org/W4380270961","https://openalex.org/W4382237406","https://openalex.org/W4382237486","https://openalex.org/W4385489274","https://openalex.org/W4386075835","https://openalex.org/W4386083022","https://openalex.org/W4386767017","https://openalex.org/W4386954264","https://openalex.org/W4387449166","https://openalex.org/W4387757717","https://openalex.org/W4387986973","https://openalex.org/W4388347301","https://openalex.org/W4388535601","https://openalex.org/W4388857039","https://openalex.org/W4388878610","https://openalex.org/W4388878683","https://openalex.org/W4389076776","https://openalex.org/W4389352474","https://openalex.org/W4389820298","https://openalex.org/W4390421903","https://openalex.org/W4390970047","https://openalex.org/W4391462029","https://openalex.org/W4391661654","https://openalex.org/W4392175465","https://openalex.org/W4392251605","https://openalex.org/W4392931300","https://openalex.org/W4392947064","https://openalex.org/W4392967724","https://openalex.org/W4393146536","https://openalex.org/W4393149358","https://openalex.org/W4393157395","https://openalex.org/W4393161237","https://openalex.org/W4394981859","https://openalex.org/W4395017388","https://openalex.org/W4395464408","https://openalex.org/W4399262484","https://openalex.org/W4399358245","https://openalex.org/W4399733516","https://openalex.org/W4400276351","https://openalex.org/W4400529443","https://openalex.org/W4400915925","https://openalex.org/W4401539403","https://openalex.org/W4401942562","https://openalex.org/W4402817041","https://openalex.org/W4404571974","https://openalex.org/W4405909016","https://openalex.org/W4406158091","https://openalex.org/W4406932573","https://openalex.org/W4407127070","https://openalex.org/W4407299916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,10],"(FL)":[2],"offers":[3],"innovative":[4],"solutions":[5],"for":[6,32],"privacy-preserving":[7],"distributed":[8,63],"machine":[9],"(ML).":[11],"Different":[12],"from":[13],"centralized":[14],"data":[15,36],"collection":[16],"algorithms,":[17],"FL":[18,42,54,71,127,135,202,208],"enables":[19],"participants":[20],"to":[21,57,61,176,206],"locally":[22],"train":[23],"their":[24,178],"model":[25,30],"and":[26,101,119,122,140,161,163,183,190,204],"only":[27],"share":[28],"the":[29,39,66,77,109,116,126,153,157,165,207],"updates":[31],"aggregation.":[33],"Since":[34],"private":[35],"never":[37],"leaves":[38],"end":[40],"node,":[41],"effectively":[43],"mitigates":[44],"privacy":[45],"leakage":[46],"during":[47],"collaborative":[48],"training.":[49],"Despite":[50],"its":[51,62],"promising":[52],"potential,":[53],"is":[55],"vulnerable":[56],"various":[58],"attacks":[59],"due":[60],"nature,":[64],"affecting":[65],"entire":[67],"life":[68,129],"cycle":[69],"of":[70,108],"services.":[72],"These":[73],"threats":[74,121,136,160],"can":[75],"harm":[76,138],"model's":[78],"utility":[79,139],"or":[80,86,146],"compromise":[81],"participants'":[82],"privacy,":[83,141],"either":[84],"directly":[85],"indirectly.":[87],"In":[88],"response,":[89],"numerous":[90],"defense":[91,123,154,169],"frameworks":[92,124],"have":[93],"been":[94],"proposed,":[95],"demonstrating":[96],"effectiveness":[97],"in":[98,180],"specific":[99],"settings":[100],"scenarios.":[102],"To":[103],"provide":[104],"a":[105],"clear":[106],"understanding":[107],"current":[110],"research":[111,188,203],"landscape,":[112],"this":[113,196],"article":[114],"reviews":[115],"most":[117],"representative":[118],"state-of-the-art":[120],"throughout":[125],"service":[128],"cycle.":[130],"We":[131,171,194],"start":[132],"by":[133,185],"identifying":[134],"that":[137],"including":[142],"those":[143],"with":[144],"potential":[145],"direct":[147],"impacts.":[148],"Then,":[149],"we":[150],"dive":[151],"into":[152],"frameworks,":[155],"analyze":[156],"relationship":[158],"between":[159],"defenses,":[162],"compare":[164],"trade-offs":[166],"among":[167],"different":[168],"strategies.":[170],"subsequently":[172],"revisit":[173],"these":[174],"studies":[175],"evaluate":[177],"practicality":[179],"real-world":[181],"scenarios":[182],"conclude":[184],"summarizing":[186],"existing":[187],"bottlenecks":[189],"outlining":[191],"future":[192],"directions.":[193],"hope":[195],"survey":[197],"sheds":[198],"light":[199],"on":[200],"trustworthy":[201],"contributes":[205],"community.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-11T08:15:01.531666","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
