{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410115162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","title":"Mapping Tracking Control to Cascading Optimization in Discrete Strict-Feedback Systems: A Hierarchical Learning Approach","display_name":"Mapping Tracking Control to Cascading Optimization in Discrete Strict-Feedback Systems: A Hierarchical Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410115162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40327474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024996421","display_name":"Ying Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-2462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-2462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002903770","display_name":"Jiayue Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-2606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayue Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-2606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625792","display_name":"Huaguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-9824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-9824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352315","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-817X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037083281","display_name":"Jian Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-8863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-8863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08751281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"9","first_page":"16733","last_page":"16744"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6169883012771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-control","display_name":"Feedback control","score":0.6055261492729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5418965816497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5204363465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.40081578493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3391146659851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.294009268283844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18658119440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11800915002822876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6169883012771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018651601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183635","display_name":"Feedback control","level":2,"score":0.6055261492729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5418965816497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5204363465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.40081578493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3391146659851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.294009268283844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18658119440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11800915002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3558811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40327474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40327474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3033528074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996340840","https://openalex.org/W2001322648","https://openalex.org/W2052305027","https://openalex.org/W2089684487","https://openalex.org/W2092707876","https://openalex.org/W2093831009","https://openalex.org/W2095910574","https://openalex.org/W2117945258","https://openalex.org/W2137092694","https://openalex.org/W2187984384","https://openalex.org/W2462102501","https://openalex.org/W2497349707","https://openalex.org/W2605603065","https://openalex.org/W2732330082","https://openalex.org/W2770683282","https://openalex.org/W2793198116","https://openalex.org/W2801519976","https://openalex.org/W2898377853","https://openalex.org/W2920850588","https://openalex.org/W2922081326","https://openalex.org/W2963609304","https://openalex.org/W2990981280","https://openalex.org/W3027251624","https://openalex.org/W3044713958","https://openalex.org/W3115467422","https://openalex.org/W3128440171","https://openalex.org/W3156746875","https://openalex.org/W3161510627","https://openalex.org/W3165695488","https://openalex.org/W3174955147","https://openalex.org/W3197005866","https://openalex.org/W4249919931","https://openalex.org/W4283730754","https://openalex.org/W4295046470","https://openalex.org/W4320002679","https://openalex.org/W4379805448","https://openalex.org/W4385819645","https://openalex.org/W4386025831","https://openalex.org/W4388052800","https://openalex.org/W4391991791","https://openalex.org/W4396237395","https://openalex.org/W4400477680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086966","https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W1971380437","https://openalex.org/W1983548084","https://openalex.org/W2141691317","https://openalex.org/W2110846987","https://openalex.org/W2023861399","https://openalex.org/W2160609742","https://openalex.org/W1997414638","https://openalex.org/W2052682608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,43,96,141],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,39,130],"hierarchical":[4],"learning":[5,82],"(HL)":[6],"framework":[7,45,83],"for":[8,32],"discrete-time":[9],"(DT)":[10],"systems":[11],"with":[12,104],"strict":[13],"feedback":[14],"structures":[15],"to":[16,49,55,94,101,137],"enable":[17],"tracking":[18,115,131,135,144,153],"control.":[19,173],"Unlike":[20],"the":[21,53,56,67,74,86,99,105,120,124,147,162],"backstepping":[22],"approach,":[23],"our":[24,165],"method":[25],"creates":[26],"dynamically":[27],"adjustable":[28],"virtual":[29],"targets":[30],"(VTs)":[31],"state":[33,89,117],"variables":[34,118],"at":[35],"each":[36,47],"layer,":[37],"forming":[38],"cascading":[40],"optimization":[41],"structure.":[42],"innovative":[44],"enables":[46],"layer":[48],"learn":[50],"by":[51],"approximating":[52],"solution":[54],"DT":[57],"Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman":[58],"(HJB)":[59],"equation,":[60],"thereby":[61],"facilitating":[62],"inter-layer":[63],"self-optimization":[64],"and":[65,90,111,158],"directing":[66],"modification":[68],"of":[69,116,164],"adjacent":[70],"VTs.":[71,95],"To":[72],"tackle":[73],"noncausal":[75],"problem,":[76],"we":[77],"implement":[78],"an":[79],"iterative":[80],"predictive":[81],"that":[84],"maps":[85],"current":[87],"measurable":[88],"known":[91],"reference":[92],"trajectories":[93],"process":[97],"allows":[98],"VTs":[100],"gradually":[102],"align":[103],"optimal":[106],"trajectory":[107],"during":[108],"policy":[109,149],"evaluation":[110],"update,":[112],"achieving":[113],"indirect":[114],"toward":[119],"desired":[121],"targets.":[122],"Additionally,":[123],"action":[125],"network":[126],"is":[127],"transformed":[128],"into":[129],"network,":[132],"incorporating":[133],"future":[134],"errors":[136],"optimize":[138],"its":[139,168],"weights.":[140],"approach":[142],"reduces":[143],"costs":[145],"in":[146,171],"subsequent":[148],"update":[150],"while":[151],"improving":[152],"performance.":[154],"Rigorous":[155],"convergence":[156],"analysis":[157],"numerical":[159],"simulations":[160],"confirm":[161],"effectiveness":[163],"method,":[166],"highlighting":[167],"considerable":[169],"potential":[170],"adaptive":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
