{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408323909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","title":"Power Characterization of Noisy Quantum Kernels","display_name":"Power Characterization of Noisy Quantum Kernels","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408323909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40067733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023257725","display_name":"Yabo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3540-4194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120485","display_name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02jkmyk67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yabo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015093647","display_name":"Bo Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-0124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120485","display_name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02jkmyk67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327918","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2968-3082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065250332","display_name":"Tongliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney AI Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney AI Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000582423","display_name":"Daoyi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7425-3559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoyi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023257725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7830749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"8","first_page":"13939","last_page":"13952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.8497999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.8497999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.808870792388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.6220914721488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5000326633453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.3955231010913849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3614261746406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3309125602245331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3119291663169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.2927876114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2360001802444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.20555540919303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14201736450195312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.808870792388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6220914721488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5000326633453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3955231010913849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3614261746406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3309125602245331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3119291663169861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2927876114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2360001802444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.20555540919303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14201736450195312}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3545545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40067733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40067733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3322799192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FT220100656","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510073064","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1711649566","https://openalex.org/W1978452970","https://openalex.org/W1981371867","https://openalex.org/W2015811642","https://openalex.org/W2117941808","https://openalex.org/W2168029744","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2774873015","https://openalex.org/W2792315573","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2879447321","https://openalex.org/W2964211601","https://openalex.org/W2985010478","https://openalex.org/W3009955364","https://openalex.org/W3024586266","https://openalex.org/W3075559820","https://openalex.org/W3090365491","https://openalex.org/W3095412784","https://openalex.org/W3096052452","https://openalex.org/W3111862189","https://openalex.org/W3119636101","https://openalex.org/W3134320828","https://openalex.org/W3138564161","https://openalex.org/W3147993824","https://openalex.org/W3158182757","https://openalex.org/W3158496541","https://openalex.org/W3159998681","https://openalex.org/W3190701103","https://openalex.org/W3198096180","https://openalex.org/W3206088030","https://openalex.org/W3207073666","https://openalex.org/W3209107739","https://openalex.org/W3211718387","https://openalex.org/W3214850722","https://openalex.org/W4200634539","https://openalex.org/W4205670948","https://openalex.org/W4221135977","https://openalex.org/W4225015600","https://openalex.org/W4239151878","https://openalex.org/W4281385034","https://openalex.org/W4285390635","https://openalex.org/W4286894975","https://openalex.org/W4287184090","https://openalex.org/W4298082496","https://openalex.org/W4302010812","https://openalex.org/W4307889020","https://openalex.org/W4312224136","https://openalex.org/W4364382568","https://openalex.org/W4367663152","https://openalex.org/W4386825175","https://openalex.org/W4388899528","https://openalex.org/W4390224102","https://openalex.org/W4390793745","https://openalex.org/W4392799106","https://openalex.org/W4396906306","https://openalex.org/W4399770418","https://openalex.org/W4400985662","https://openalex.org/W4402156031","https://openalex.org/W6684918892","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6773050563","https://openalex.org/W6796950467","https://openalex.org/W6838494792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107994849","https://openalex.org/W4247143848","https://openalex.org/W2009883749","https://openalex.org/W2735573198","https://openalex.org/W29442446","https://openalex.org/W330727063","https://openalex.org/W2896904446","https://openalex.org/W1483407203","https://openalex.org/W4206825956","https://openalex.org/W651098627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"kernel":[1,62,160,178],"methods":[2,63,161],"have":[3,18,66],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"recognized":[6],"as":[7,172],"one":[8],"of":[9,51,84,88,94,97,102,107,112,127,133,144],"the":[10,19,36,49,73,82,85,95,100,105,110,131,141,166],"promising":[11],"quantum":[12,23,40,53,61,90,98,116,159,163,177,182],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"(QML)":[15],"algorithms":[16,179],"that":[17,57,122],"potential":[20],"to":[21,156],"achieve":[22],"advantages.":[24,183],"However,":[25],"their":[26],"capabilities":[27],"may":[28,64],"be":[29],"severely":[30],"degraded":[31],"by":[32,115,136],"inevitable":[33],"noises":[34],"in":[35,92],"current":[37],"noisy":[38,52,89,145,158],"intermediate-scale":[39],"(NISQ)":[41],"era.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"article,":[45],"we":[46,79,151],"theoretically":[47],"characterize":[48],"power":[50],"kernels":[54,91,146],"and":[55,109,165],"demonstrate":[56,121],"under":[58],"depolarizing":[59],"noise,":[60,99],"only":[65],"very":[67,148],"poor":[68],"prediction":[69,86,142],"capability,":[70],"even":[71],"when":[72,174],"generalization":[74],"error":[75],"is":[76,147],"small.":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"quantitatively":[80],"describe":[81],"decreasing":[83],"capability":[87,143],"terms":[93],"rate":[96],"size":[101],"training":[103,128],"samples,":[104,129],"number":[106,111,126,132],"qubits,":[108],"layers":[113,134],"affected":[114,135],"noises.":[117],"Our":[118],"results":[119,168],"clearly":[120],"for":[123,162,180],"a":[124,153],"given":[125],"once":[130],"noise":[137],"exceeds":[138],"some":[139],"threshold,":[140],"poor.":[149],"Thus,":[150],"provide":[152],"crucial":[154],"warning":[155],"employ":[157],"computation":[164],"theoretical":[167],"can":[169],"also":[170],"serve":[171],"guidelines":[173],"developing":[175],"practical":[176],"achieving":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}