{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406416303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","title":"Low Latency Conversion of Artificial Neural Network Models to Rate-Encoded Spiking Neural Networks","display_name":"Low Latency Conversion of Artificial Neural Network Models to Rate-Encoded Spiking Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406416303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004250652","display_name":"Zhanglu Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7993-7127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanglu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7993-7127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113125453","display_name":"Kaiwen Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7765-2505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiwen Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7765-2505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115588375","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-5503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-5503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023989495","display_name":"Weng\u2010Fai Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Fai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.584,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94970444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"8","first_page":"14107","last_page":"14118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9469000101089478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7531598806381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7177439332008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6438442468643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5300946831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/types-of-artificial-neural-networks","display_name":"Types of artificial neural networks","score":0.46946799755096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4645386040210724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nervous-system-network-models","display_name":"Nervous system network models","score":0.4449140429496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-neural-network","display_name":"Time delay neural network","score":0.4405513107776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-neural-network","display_name":"Physical neural network","score":0.42178601026535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.34444087743759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1741703450679779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10677298903465271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7531598806381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7177439332008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6438442468643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5300946831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177973122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7860946","display_name":"Types of artificial neural networks","level":4,"score":0.46946799755096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4645386040210724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173079777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4299350","display_name":"Nervous system network models","level":5,"score":0.4449140429496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.4405513107776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33766855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7189618","display_name":"Physical neural network","level":5,"score":0.42178601026535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.34444087743759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1741703450679779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10677298903465271}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2025.3526374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40030919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8247057543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FY2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8363208187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FY2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103308415","https://openalex.org/W2163288878","https://openalex.org/W2506323698","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2890386623","https://openalex.org/W2892077605","https://openalex.org/W2939020224","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2979879900","https://openalex.org/W2981101011","https://openalex.org/W3007216740","https://openalex.org/W3008515144","https://openalex.org/W3023719681","https://openalex.org/W3035644810","https://openalex.org/W3088461492","https://openalex.org/W3102750118","https://openalex.org/W3110059873","https://openalex.org/W3124546450","https://openalex.org/W3134784623","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3175674467","https://openalex.org/W3186962187","https://openalex.org/W3188250490","https://openalex.org/W3197734067","https://openalex.org/W3201870057","https://openalex.org/W4206786523","https://openalex.org/W4221157818","https://openalex.org/W4313181051","https://openalex.org/W4367301023","https://openalex.org/W4380551707","https://openalex.org/W6602202464","https://openalex.org/W6730823560","https://openalex.org/W6754858674","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6771742384","https://openalex.org/W6774150660","https://openalex.org/W6790089871","https://openalex.org/W6796421320","https://openalex.org/W6796939779","https://openalex.org/W6802746064","https://openalex.org/W6803524348","https://openalex.org/W6809648081","https://openalex.org/W6850626707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387656273","https://openalex.org/W1584270863","https://openalex.org/W180587397","https://openalex.org/W2765937093","https://openalex.org/W1595652908","https://openalex.org/W3109717595","https://openalex.org/W2950022897","https://openalex.org/W4292953721","https://openalex.org/W1973323485","https://openalex.org/W2104698839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"neural":[1,81],"networks":[2,82],"(SNNs)":[3],"are":[4],"well":[5,56],"suited":[6],"for":[7,100],"resource-constrained":[8],"applications":[9],"as":[10,55,57],"they":[11],"do":[12],"not":[13],"need":[14],"expensive":[15],"multipliers.":[16],"In":[17,104,173],"a":[18,22,28,52,130,136,141,152,178,185],"typical":[19],"rate-encoded":[20,122],"SNN,":[21],"series":[23],"of":[24,47,63,68,132,182,216],"binary":[25],"spikes":[26],"within":[27],"globally":[29],"fixed":[30],"time":[31,40,187,196,205,222],"window":[32,41,102],"is":[33,43,71],"used":[34],"to":[35,72,84,120,161],"fire":[36],"the":[37,45,48,59,64,111,166,171,190,199,208],"neurons.":[38],"The":[39,66,88],"size":[42],"also":[44],"latency":[46],"network":[49],"in":[50,170],"performing":[51],"single":[53,186],"inference,":[54],"determining":[58],"overall":[60],"energy":[61],"efficiency":[62],"model.":[65],"aim":[67],"this":[69,74,105],"article":[70],"reduce":[73],"while":[75],"maintaining":[76],"accuracy":[77,181,215],"when":[78,114],"converting":[79,115],"artificial":[80],"(ANNs)":[83],"their":[85],"equivalent":[86],"SNNs.":[87],"state-of-the-art":[89,163],"conversion":[90],"schemes":[91],"yield":[92],"SNNs":[93],"with":[94,97,109],"accuracies":[95,164],"comparable":[96],"ANNs":[98],"only":[99],"large":[101],"sizes.":[103],"article,":[106],"we":[107,128],"start":[108],"understanding":[110],"information":[112],"loss":[113],"from":[116],"preexisting":[117],"ANN":[118],"models":[119],"standard":[121],"SNN":[123,138,180,214],"models.":[124],"From":[125],"these":[126,157],"insights,":[127],"propose":[129],"suite":[131],"techniques":[133],"that":[134],"includes":[135],"novel":[137],"encoding":[139],"scheme,":[140],"new":[142],"spike":[143],"generation":[144],"model,":[145],"an":[146,213],"input":[147],"channel":[148],"expansion":[149],"strategy,":[150],"and":[151,202],"threshold":[153],"training":[154],"technique.":[155],"Together,":[156],"methods":[158],"enabled":[159],"us":[160],"achieve":[162],"using":[165,220],"lowest":[167],"latencies":[168],"reported":[169],"literature.":[172],"particular,":[174],"our":[175],"method":[176],"achieved":[177,219],"top-1":[179],"98.73%":[183],"(using":[184],"step)":[188],"on":[189,198,207],"MNIST":[191],"dataset,":[192,201],"76.38%":[193],"(with":[194],"eight":[195],"steps)":[197,206],"CIFAR-100":[200],"93.71%":[203],"(eight":[204],"CIFAR-10":[209],"dataset.":[210],"On":[211],"ImageNet,":[212],"81.9%":[217],"was":[218],"40":[221],"steps.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
