{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403182938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","title":"A Survey of Neural Trees: Co-Evolving Neural Networks and Decision Trees","display_name":"A Survey of Neural Trees: Co-Evolving Neural Networks and Decision Trees","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403182938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39374281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001686699","display_name":"Haoling Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047371218","display_name":"Jie Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-6521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040860593","display_name":"Mengqi Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-4887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573310","display_name":"Hangzhou City University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wck0s05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengqi Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102996603","display_name":"Haofei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haofei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Learning and Vision Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Learning and Vision Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning and Vision Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning and Vision Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026532752","display_name":"Mingli Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2621-6048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingli Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001686699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91603386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"7","first_page":"11718","last_page":"11737"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.608299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.608299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6928256750106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6164840459823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4534894526004791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38297945261001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34458839893341064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6928256750106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6164840459823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4534894526004791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38297945261001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34458839893341064}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3446891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39374281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39374281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1336833665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LD24F020011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2655623952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226-2024-00058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5448976449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ24F020020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8701308338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":163,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64813323","https://openalex.org/W148877464","https://openalex.org/W652269744","https://openalex.org/W1487855905","https://openalex.org/W1547466200","https://openalex.org/W1554123527","https://openalex.org/W1599216479","https://openalex.org/W1613249581","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1857290210","https://openalex.org/W1901367599","https://openalex.org/W1949848963","https://openalex.org/W1980179845","https://openalex.org/W1981249599","https://openalex.org/W1984737793","https://openalex.org/W1989789052","https://openalex.org/W2009953376","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2020817186","https://openalex.org/W2025653905","https://openalex.org/W2027857686","https://openalex.org/W2031737537","https://openalex.org/W2039886821","https://openalex.org/W2044913453","https://openalex.org/W2052812103","https://openalex.org/W2059424674","https://openalex.org/W2061851712","https://openalex.org/W2063046703","https://openalex.org/W2063670896","https://openalex.org/W2064716744","https://openalex.org/W2065283375","https://openalex.org/W2065704627","https://openalex.org/W2081136789","https://openalex.org/W2083210304","https://openalex.org/W2095350947","https://openalex.org/W2102381086","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2108724252","https://openalex.org/W2110469359","https://openalex.org/W2112649152","https://openalex.org/W2113546432","https://openalex.org/W2123199310","https://openalex.org/W2125283600","https://openalex.org/W2128420091","https://openalex.org/W2130886937","https://openalex.org/W2131111770","https://openalex.org/W2131919261","https://openalex.org/W2133294803","https://openalex.org/W2137170696","https://openalex.org/W2143633042","https://openalex.org/W2146444015","https://openalex.org/W2149969849","https://openalex.org/W2157825465","https://openalex.org/W2158267102","https://openalex.org/W2158599326","https://openalex.org/W2160592727","https://openalex.org/W2161418224","https://openalex.org/W2161477053","https://openalex.org/W2171041387","https://openalex.org/W2220384803","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2334493732","https://openalex.org/W2520368209","https://openalex.org/W2522925973","https://openalex.org/W2527643446","https://openalex.org/W2528523909","https://openalex.org/W2530601379","https://openalex.org/W2542042057","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2583115687","https://openalex.org/W2622518150","https://openalex.org/W2751746637","https://openalex.org/W2769506033","https://openalex.org/W2885613075","https://openalex.org/W2893642647","https://openalex.org/W2911845017","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2951539267","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2962851632","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962860144","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963492126","https://openalex.org/W2979997102","https://openalex.org/W2991554715","https://openalex.org/W2996061341","https://openalex.org/W2998594699","https://openalex.org/W3002638499","https://openalex.org/W3008885639","https://openalex.org/W3026572931","https://openalex.org/W3035367622","https://openalex.org/W3035406632","https://openalex.org/W3038054432","https://openalex.org/W3045825034","https://openalex.org/W3094337650","https://openalex.org/W3121787084","https://openalex.org/W3130956902","https://openalex.org/W3136451693","https://openalex.org/W3154435685","https://openalex.org/W3166091781","https://openalex.org/W3172917901","https://openalex.org/W3180447522","https://openalex.org/W3199810803","https://openalex.org/W3200585477","https://openalex.org/W3211685201","https://openalex.org/W4205593449","https://openalex.org/W4214541320","https://openalex.org/W4220725863","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4244296837","https://openalex.org/W4248018214","https://openalex.org/W4251225685","https://openalex.org/W4299101042","https://openalex.org/W4307093192","https://openalex.org/W4312085331","https://openalex.org/W4312696925","https://openalex.org/W4327780496","https://openalex.org/W4383428082","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W6600819890","https://openalex.org/W6602167612","https://openalex.org/W6603222281","https://openalex.org/W6605281115","https://openalex.org/W6632227258","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6676203565","https://openalex.org/W6676231585","https://openalex.org/W6676885637","https://openalex.org/W6677317343","https://openalex.org/W6677595536","https://openalex.org/W6678470764","https://openalex.org/W6680080362","https://openalex.org/W6680823260","https://openalex.org/W6682932635","https://openalex.org/W6682939927","https://openalex.org/W6684375713","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6685943813","https://openalex.org/W6686366921","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6696356757","https://openalex.org/W6720459350","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6734469250","https://openalex.org/W6735707571","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6745447533","https://openalex.org/W6745861399","https://openalex.org/W6746919708","https://openalex.org/W6752173553","https://openalex.org/W6752497734","https://openalex.org/W6753001334","https://openalex.org/W6753756506","https://openalex.org/W6760369580","https://openalex.org/W6761532522","https://openalex.org/W6762632493","https://openalex.org/W6775753421","https://openalex.org/W6784745436","https://openalex.org/W6805783656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"networks":[1],"(NNs)":[2],"and":[3,20,39,70,94,98,109,111,132],"decision":[4],"trees":[5,58],"(DTs)":[6],"are":[7,34,49],"both":[8],"popular":[9],"models":[10],"of":[11,26,32,68,87,96,106,140],"machine":[12],"learning,":[13],"yet":[14],"coming":[15],"with":[16,123,147],"mutually":[17],"exclusive":[18],"advantages":[19],"limitations.":[21],"To":[22],"bring":[23],"the":[24,27,77,91,116],"best":[25],"two":[28],"worlds,":[29],"a":[30,52,65,84,124],"variety":[31],"approaches":[33,48],"proposed":[35],"to":[36,63,115],"integrate":[37],"NNs":[38,97],"DTs":[40],"explicitly":[41],"or":[42],"implicitly.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45,120,136,144],"survey,":[46,145],"these":[47],"organized":[50],"in":[51,72,104,143],"school":[53],"which":[54,89],"we":[55,101],"term":[56],"neural":[57],"(NTs).":[59],"This":[60],"survey":[61,121],"aims":[62],"present":[64],"comprehensive":[66],"review":[67],"NTs":[69,103],"explore":[71],"detail":[73],"how":[74],"they":[75],"enhance":[76],"model":[78],"interpretability.":[79],"Our":[80],"first":[81],"contribution":[82],"is":[83,151],"detailed":[85],"taxonomy":[86],"NTs,":[88],"characterizes":[90],"seamless":[92],"integration":[93],"co-evolution":[95],"DTs.":[99],"Subsequently,":[100],"analyze":[102],"terms":[105],"their":[107,148],"interpretability":[108],"performance":[110],"suggest":[112],"potential":[113],"solutions":[114],"remaining":[117],"challenges.":[118],"Finally,":[119],"concludes":[122],"discussion":[125],"about":[126],"other":[127],"considerations":[128],"like":[129],"conditional":[130],"computation":[131],"promising":[133],"directions":[134],"toward":[135],"field.":[137],"A":[138],"list":[139],"papers":[141],"reviewed":[142],"along":[146],"corresponding":[149],"codes,":[150],"available":[152],"at:":[153],"https://github.com/":[154],"zju-vipa/awesome-neural-trees.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
