{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401210750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","title":"Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks From Excitations","display_name":"Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks From Excitations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401210750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080000940","display_name":"Zijian Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1881-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090335612","display_name":"Qianmu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-1517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianmu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016645765","display_name":"Zhichao Lian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-8975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027590471","display_name":"Jun Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-4961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Science, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Science, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103054750","display_name":"Tong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6565-1276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100549420","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5771-5589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080000940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86736578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"8227","last_page":"8239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7246518731117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6538447141647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6469604969024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5978115200996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extant-taxon","display_name":"Extant taxon","score":0.5907483100891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5698164105415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.5525528788566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4868442416191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4679877460002899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4558526277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3869604766368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3527398705482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13384202122688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.06206798553466797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7246518731117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6538447141647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6469604969024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5978115200996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.5907483100891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5698164105415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.5525528788566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4868442416191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4679877460002899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4558526277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3869604766368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3527398705482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13384202122688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.06206798553466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39088494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3430978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6716829879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1804604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2982560934","https://openalex.org/W2988157455","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3011684164","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3118333837","https://openalex.org/W3171706131","https://openalex.org/W3172381285","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3177349073","https://openalex.org/W3203135192","https://openalex.org/W3205278226","https://openalex.org/W4214739326","https://openalex.org/W4288725119","https://openalex.org/W4308365129","https://openalex.org/W4386113282","https://openalex.org/W4386245233","https://openalex.org/W4390905318","https://openalex.org/W6639927594","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6681608319","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6730032367","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6755523629","https://openalex.org/W6767259515","https://openalex.org/W6782259796","https://openalex.org/W6783884812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016239368","https://openalex.org/W2402755139","https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W589102260","https://openalex.org/W4290948148","https://openalex.org/W1966421350","https://openalex.org/W4249944690","https://openalex.org/W2353808877","https://openalex.org/W414826439","https://openalex.org/W2329500892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Saliency":[0],"maps":[1],"have":[2],"proven":[3],"to":[4,30,46,109],"be":[5],"a":[6,55,92,125],"highly":[7],"efficacious":[8],"approach":[9,123],"for":[10,71],"explicating":[11],"the":[12,66,111,118,129,151],"decisions":[13],"of":[14,69,113,134],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(CNNs).":[18],"However,":[19],"extant":[20],"methodologies":[21],"predominantly":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24],"gradients,":[25],"which":[26,64],"constrain":[27],"their":[28],"ability":[29],"explicate":[31],"complex":[32],"models.":[33],"Furthermore,":[34],"such":[35],"approaches":[36],"are":[37],"not":[38],"fully":[39],"adept":[40],"at":[41],"leveraging":[42],"negative":[43,61],"gradient":[44],"information":[45,78],"improve":[47],"interpretive":[48],"veracity.":[49],"In":[50,147],"this":[51],"study,":[52],"we":[53,90,149],"present":[54],"novel":[56],"concept,":[57],"termed":[58],"positive":[59],"and":[60,104,141],"excitation":[62],"(PANE),":[63],"enables":[65],"direct":[67],"extraction":[68],"PANE":[70],"each":[72],"layer,":[73],"thus":[74],"enabling":[75],"complete":[76],"layer-by-layer":[77],"utilization":[79],"sans":[80],"gradients.":[81],"To":[82],"organize":[83],"these":[84],"excitations":[85],"into":[86],"final":[87],"saliency":[88],"maps,":[89],"introduce":[91],"double-chain":[93],"backpropagation":[94],"procedure.":[95],"A":[96],"comprehensive":[97],"experimental":[98],"evaluation,":[99],"encompassing":[100],"both":[101],"binary":[102],"classification":[103],"multiclassification":[105],"tasks,":[106],"was":[107],"conducted":[108],"gauge":[110],"effectiveness":[112],"our":[114,122],"proposed":[115],"method.":[116],"Encouragingly,":[117],"results":[119],"evince":[120],"that":[121],"offers":[124],"significant":[126],"improvement":[127],"over":[128],"state-of-the-art":[130],"methods":[131],"in":[132],"terms":[133],"salient":[135],"pixel":[136,139],"removal,":[137,140],"minor":[138],"inconspicuous":[142],"adversarial":[143],"perturbation":[144],"generation":[145],"guidance.":[146],"addition,":[148],"verify":[150],"correlation":[152],"between":[153],"PANEs.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
