{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399666159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","title":"Auditable and Verifiable Federated Learning Based on Blockchain-Enabled Decentralization","display_name":"Auditable and Verifiable Federated Learning Based on Blockchain-Enabled Decentralization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399666159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048883237","display_name":"Aditya Pribadi Kalapaaking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-8344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Pribadi Kalapaaking","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-8344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068423418","display_name":"Ibrahim Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-114X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709723","display_name":"Xun Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101720092","display_name":"Kwok\u2010Yan Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-7970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21419654","display_name":"Nanyang Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04af7ga89","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280293394","https://openalex.org/I21419654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwok-Yan Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore","College of Computing and Data Science, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-7970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005","https://openalex.org/I21419654"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061746912","display_name":"Guang-Bin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang-Bin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-4965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100742126","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-0966"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing College of Mobile Communication, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing College of Mobile Communication, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97168658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"102","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.942799985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9716954231262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.8624071478843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.8240934014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5911915898323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42490479350090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10706537961959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10565268993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.05396014451980591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9716954231262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.8624071478843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.8240934014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5911915898323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42490479350090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10706537961959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10565268993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.05396014451980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3407670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38875094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/180664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2024.3407670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2972154825","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3096294846","https://openalex.org/W3116402990","https://openalex.org/W3163893137","https://openalex.org/W3179191465","https://openalex.org/W3196965143","https://openalex.org/W3213321731","https://openalex.org/W3213447009","https://openalex.org/W3215288840","https://openalex.org/W3216043818","https://openalex.org/W4206116305","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4213336077","https://openalex.org/W4224317003","https://openalex.org/W4282933047","https://openalex.org/W4312624656","https://openalex.org/W4312722905","https://openalex.org/W4312795532","https://openalex.org/W4313017734","https://openalex.org/W4318978799","https://openalex.org/W4365801534","https://openalex.org/W4386275757","https://openalex.org/W4386952188","https://openalex.org/W4388854885","https://openalex.org/W4390204099","https://openalex.org/W6718865826","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6804126845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Auditability":[0],"and":[1,18,26,33,74,83,89,101,127,158,177,191,236,275,280,303],"verifiability":[2,27],"are":[3],"critical":[4],"elements":[5],"in":[6,9,206,253,289],"establishing":[7],"trustworthiness":[8],"federated":[10],"learning":[11,273],"(FL).":[12],"These":[13],"principles":[14],"promote":[15],"transparency,":[16],"accountability,":[17],"independent":[19],"validation":[20],"of":[21,37,65,260,268],"FL":[22,38,41,52,92,104],"processes.":[23],"Incorporating":[24],"auditability":[25,82,302],"is":[28,120,134],"imperative":[29],"for":[30,72,114,147,316],"building":[31],"trust":[32],"ensuring":[34],"the":[35,51,78,87,130,143,155,162,174,179,198,207,211,222,232,237,249,258,294,317],"robustness":[36],"methodologies.":[39],"Typical":[40],"architectures":[42,274],"rely":[43],"on":[44,56,231],"a":[45,57,62,110,218,226,244,266,286,298],"trustworthy":[46],"central":[47,58,79],"authority":[48,59],"to":[49,94,123,161,182,221,247,300,312],"manage":[50],"process.":[53],"However,":[54],"reliance":[55],"could":[60],"become":[61],"single":[63],"point":[64],"failure,":[66],"making":[67],"it":[68],"an":[69,99,189],"attractive":[70],"target":[71],"cyber-attacks":[73],"insider":[75],"frauds.":[76],"Moreover,":[77],"entity":[80],"lacks":[81],"verifiability,":[84],"which":[85],"undermines":[86],"privacy":[88],"security":[90],"that":[91],"aims":[93],"ensure.":[95],"This":[96,117],"article":[97],"proposes":[98],"auditable":[100,190],"verifiable":[102,192,228],"decentralized":[103,193],"(DFL)":[105],"framework.":[106],"We":[107],"first":[108],"develop":[109],"smart-contract-based":[111],"monitoring":[112,118,137,159,180],"system":[113,119,138,160,181],"DFL":[115,125,152,171,308],"participants.":[116],"then":[121],"deployed":[122],"each":[124,151,170,184,203,214,240],"participant":[126,153,172,318],"executed":[128],"when":[129],"local":[131,144,156,175,185],"model":[132,157,235,252],"training":[133,145],"initiated.":[135],"The":[136,166,282,305],"records":[139],"necessary":[140],"information":[141],"during":[142],"process":[146],"auditing":[148],"purposes.":[149],"Afterward,":[150],"sends":[154],"respective":[163],"blockchain":[164,167,204,215,241],"node.":[165],"nodes":[168],"representing":[169],"exchange":[173],"models":[176],"use":[178],"validate":[183],"model.":[186,229],"To":[187,256],"ensure":[188,301],"aggregation":[194,199,208,212,238],"procedure,":[195],"we":[196,264],"record":[197],"steps":[200],"taken":[201],"by":[202],"node":[205,216,242],"contract.":[209],"Following":[210],"phase,":[213],"applies":[217],"multisignature":[219],"scheme":[220],"aggregated":[223],"model,":[224,263],"producing":[225],"globally":[227],"Based":[230],"signed":[233],"global":[234,251],"contract,":[239],"implements":[243],"consensus":[245],"protocol":[246],"store":[248],"validated":[250],"tamper-proof":[254],"storage.":[255],"evaluate":[257],"performance":[259],"our":[261],"proposed":[262,306],"conducted":[265],"series":[267],"experiments":[269],"with":[270,293],"different":[271],"machine":[272],"datasets,":[276],"including":[277],"CIFAR-10,":[278],"F-MNIST,":[279],"MedMNIST.":[281],"experimental":[283],"results":[284],"indicate":[285],"slight":[287],"increase":[288],"time":[290],"consumption":[291],"compared":[292],"state-of-the-art,":[295],"serving":[296],"as":[297],"tradeoff":[299],"verifiability.":[304],"blockchain-enabled":[307],"also":[309],"saves":[310],"up":[311],"95%":[313],"communication":[314],"costs":[315],"side.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}