{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388966755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","title":"Efficient Hybrid Training Method for Neuromorphic Hardware Using Analog Nonvolatile Memory","display_name":"Efficient Hybrid Training Method for Neuromorphic Hardware Using Analog Nonvolatile Memory","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388966755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37999961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039840536","display_name":"Dongseok Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-8938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongseok Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-8938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062245499","display_name":"Sung Yun Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-3183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung Yun Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea","School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungbook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-3183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungbook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009414458","display_name":"Joon Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joon Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-8174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101740438","display_name":"Hyeongsu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4157-5340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeongsu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4157-5340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021913940","display_name":"Jong\u2010Ho Bae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-7132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ho Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-7132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003829010","display_name":"Wonjun Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonjun Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-2458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057864063","display_name":"Byung\u2010Gook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Gook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-2458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423381","display_name":"Jong\u2010Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-9802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152098","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Science and ICT, Sejong, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-9802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Sejong, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68311759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"807","last_page":"819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9260557889938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.715949296951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synaptic-weight","display_name":"Synaptic weight","score":0.6125156879425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5750525593757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49779844284057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.49595436453819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3606387972831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.34685951471328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25502485036849976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9260557889938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.715949296951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66949984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662043","display_name":"Synaptic weight","level":3,"score":0.6125156879425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5750525593757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49779844284057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.49595436453819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3606387972831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.34685951471328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25502485036849976}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3327906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37999961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37999961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1946546377","https://openalex.org/W2068470708","https://openalex.org/W2091777687","https://openalex.org/W2120302130","https://openalex.org/W2120480077","https://openalex.org/W2140034255","https://openalex.org/W2148251150","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250966211","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2559718113","https://openalex.org/W2583993537","https://openalex.org/W2593532349","https://openalex.org/W2604443664","https://openalex.org/W2734907865","https://openalex.org/W2737252194","https://openalex.org/W2767433132","https://openalex.org/W2769049661","https://openalex.org/W2778345336","https://openalex.org/W2785141883","https://openalex.org/W2792208628","https://openalex.org/W2798109269","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2807750997","https://openalex.org/W2889363961","https://openalex.org/W2902814817","https://openalex.org/W2905557681","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2940887969","https://openalex.org/W2942216650","https://openalex.org/W2951714391","https://openalex.org/W2963042536","https://openalex.org/W2963087201","https://openalex.org/W2964263004","https://openalex.org/W2983278064","https://openalex.org/W3006244250","https://openalex.org/W3006575968","https://openalex.org/W3015724253","https://openalex.org/W3031696893","https://openalex.org/W3036478210","https://openalex.org/W3039421657","https://openalex.org/W3111702385","https://openalex.org/W3112740243","https://openalex.org/W3120838147","https://openalex.org/W3125908175","https://openalex.org/W3163093597","https://openalex.org/W3163375821","https://openalex.org/W3175953509","https://openalex.org/W3183054723","https://openalex.org/W3195461290","https://openalex.org/W3195768484","https://openalex.org/W3197387328","https://openalex.org/W3201268071","https://openalex.org/W3204967249","https://openalex.org/W4241904915","https://openalex.org/W4289922251","https://openalex.org/W4295442031","https://openalex.org/W4384652057","https://openalex.org/W4388966755","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6732491067","https://openalex.org/W6733081445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285308918","https://openalex.org/W3031505884","https://openalex.org/W2971712727","https://openalex.org/W2951049725","https://openalex.org/W3013437739","https://openalex.org/W4387459935","https://openalex.org/W2908450434","https://openalex.org/W4382561696","https://openalex.org/W3015991694","https://openalex.org/W2895519962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"hardware":[1,30,68,188,192],"using":[2,69,83,193],"nonvolatile":[3,70,194],"analog":[4,42,71,103,195],"synaptic":[5,104,141,149,169],"devices":[6,170],"provides":[7],"promising":[8,201],"advantages":[9],"of":[10,41,80,120,128,168,181],"reducing":[11],"energy":[12],"and":[13,44,74],"time":[14],"consumption":[15],"for":[16,28,53,145,203],"performing":[17],"large-scale":[18],"vector-matrix":[19],"multiplication":[20],"(VMM)":[21],"operations.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,38,66,77,81,84,94,113,118,121,129,139,147,152,182,186],"reported":[25],"training":[26,61,88,110,155],"methods":[27],"neuromorphic":[29,67,163,191],"have":[31],"appreciably":[32],"shown":[33],"reduced":[34],"accuracy":[35,119],"due":[36],"to":[37,98,102,126,161],"nonideal":[39],"nature":[40],"devices,":[43,105],"use":[45],"conductance":[46,95],"tuning":[47,96],"protocols":[48],"that":[49,63,127,190],"require":[50],"substantial":[51],"cost":[52],"training.":[54],"Here,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"a":[58,199],"novel":[59],"hybrid":[60,154],"method":[62,82,89,115,156,184],"efficiently":[64,159],"trains":[65],"memory":[72,196],"cells,":[73],"experimentally":[75],"demonstrate":[76],"high":[78],"performance":[79],"fabricated":[85,140,187],"hardware.":[86],"Our":[87],"does":[90],"not":[91],"rely":[92],"on":[93],"protocol":[97],"reflect":[99],"weight":[100,172],"updates":[101],"which":[106],"significantly":[107],"reduces":[108],"online":[109],"costs.":[111],"When":[112],"proposed":[114,153,183],"is":[116,143],"applied,":[117],"hardware-based":[122],"neural":[123,131],"network":[124,132],"approaches":[125],"software-based":[130],"after":[133],"only":[134,146],"one-epoch":[135],"training,":[136],"even":[137],"if":[138],"array":[142],"trained":[144],"first":[148],"layer.":[150],"Also,":[151],"can":[157],"be":[158],"applied":[160],"low-power":[162],"hardware,":[164],"including":[165],"various":[166],"types":[167],"whose":[171],"update":[173],"characteristics":[174],"are":[175],"extremely":[176],"nonlinear.":[177],"This":[178],"successful":[179],"demonstration":[180],"in":[185],"shows":[189],"cells":[197],"becomes":[198],"more":[200],"platform":[202],"future":[204],"artificial":[205],"intelligence.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
