{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387068131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","title":"Template-Free Prompting for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition via Semantic-Enhanced Contrastive Learning","display_name":"Template-Free Prompting for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition via Semantic-Enhanced Contrastive Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387068131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37751350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101407801","display_name":"Kai He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2639-1532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062187850","display_name":"Rui Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-8755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047386612","display_name":"Yucheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-5809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030762002","display_name":"Tieliang Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tieliang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369793","display_name":"Chen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752356","display_name":"Erik Cambria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3030-1280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Cambria","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101407801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95753622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"12","first_page":"18357","last_page":"18369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8517102599143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.650753378868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6431460976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6050150990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6048500537872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.5681511759757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5225091576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4673260748386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.4386466443538666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.43747588992118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.17532795667648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.1474079191684723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8517102599143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.650753378868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6431460976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6050150990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6048500537872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.5681511759757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5225091576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4673260748386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.4386466443538666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43747588992118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.17532795667648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.1474079191684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3314807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37751350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37751350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6387986177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61721002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012273848","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2190333735","https://openalex.org/W2760505947","https://openalex.org/W2798651446","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2917551568","https://openalex.org/W2963741406","https://openalex.org/W2971296908","https://openalex.org/W2972497843","https://openalex.org/W3009561768","https://openalex.org/W3014901735","https://openalex.org/W3018074695","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3080238567","https://openalex.org/W3108878460","https://openalex.org/W3115295967","https://openalex.org/W3116256056","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3131198033","https://openalex.org/W3133518153","https://openalex.org/W3144215978","https://openalex.org/W3145450063","https://openalex.org/W3156419234","https://openalex.org/W3172642864","https://openalex.org/W3173617765","https://openalex.org/W3176489198","https://openalex.org/W3191244417","https://openalex.org/W3193855266","https://openalex.org/W3196437953","https://openalex.org/W3197606134","https://openalex.org/W3198599617","https://openalex.org/W3201320181","https://openalex.org/W3205701620","https://openalex.org/W3207474960","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4221025428","https://openalex.org/W4221159609","https://openalex.org/W4224095956","https://openalex.org/W4283516267","https://openalex.org/W4283789303","https://openalex.org/W4284968770","https://openalex.org/W4285176401","https://openalex.org/W4285505938","https://openalex.org/W4288083803","https://openalex.org/W4293704567","https://openalex.org/W4294982692","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W4298111738","https://openalex.org/W4306317623","https://openalex.org/W4309811444","https://openalex.org/W4313800388","https://openalex.org/W6758126075","https://openalex.org/W6774670964","https://openalex.org/W6777580232","https://openalex.org/W6779073920","https://openalex.org/W6779977557","https://openalex.org/W6782959951","https://openalex.org/W6783917000","https://openalex.org/W6784512941","https://openalex.org/W6784572768","https://openalex.org/W6787165328","https://openalex.org/W6787655056","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6792279967","https://openalex.org/W6793897959","https://openalex.org/W6794493065","https://openalex.org/W6794687422","https://openalex.org/W6796475582","https://openalex.org/W6796536498","https://openalex.org/W6797444780","https://openalex.org/W6799271272","https://openalex.org/W6800553987","https://openalex.org/W6801096695","https://openalex.org/W6801420120","https://openalex.org/W6802192282","https://openalex.org/W6802614535","https://openalex.org/W6810080110","https://openalex.org/W6810246680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186562580","https://openalex.org/W3198729192","https://openalex.org/W3000685722","https://openalex.org/W4255258373","https://openalex.org/W2593907245","https://openalex.org/W2520117834","https://openalex.org/W2883921205","https://openalex.org/W4313162113","https://openalex.org/W3200093942","https://openalex.org/W1884363728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"tuning":[1],"has":[2],"achieved":[3],"great":[4],"success":[5],"in":[6,117,148,158,180],"various":[7],"sentence-level":[8],"classification":[9,24],"tasks":[10,168],"by":[11],"using":[12],"elaborated":[13],"label":[14,66,159],"word":[15,67],"mappings":[16],"and":[17,65,98,164,173],"prompt":[18],"templates.":[19],"However,":[20],"for":[21,37,59,78],"solving":[22],"token-level":[23],"tasks,":[25],"e.g.,":[26],"named":[27],"entity":[28,44,80],"recognition":[29],"(NER),":[30],"previous":[31],"research,":[32],"which":[33],"utilizes":[34],"N-gram":[35],"traversal":[36],"prompting":[38],"all":[39,42],"spans":[40],"with":[41,87,104,141,169],"possible":[43],"types,":[45],"is":[46],"time-consuming.":[47],"To":[48],"this":[49],"end,":[50],"we":[51,70],"propose":[52],"a":[53,122],"novel":[54],"prompt-based":[55],"contrastive":[56,108,115,136],"learning":[57,116],"method":[58,157],"few-shot":[60,118],"NER":[61],"without":[62,120],"template":[63],"construction":[64],"mappings.":[68],"First,":[69],"leverage":[71],"external":[72],"knowledge":[73],"to":[74],"initialize":[75],"semantic":[76],"anchors":[77,83],"each":[79],"type.":[81],"These":[82],"are":[84,101,144],"simply":[85],"appended":[86],"input":[88],"sentence":[89,99],"embeddings":[90,100],"as":[91],"template-free":[92],"prompts":[93,97],"(TFPs).":[94],"Then,":[95],"the":[96,132],"in-context":[102],"optimized":[103],"our":[105,156],"proposed":[106,111],"semantic-enhanced":[107],"loss.":[109],"Our":[110],"loss":[112],"function":[113],"enables":[114],"scenarios":[119],"requiring":[121],"significant":[123],"number":[124],"of":[125,134],"negative":[126,139],"samples.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"it":[129],"effectively":[130],"addresses":[131],"issue":[133],"conventional":[135],"learning,":[137],"where":[138],"instances":[140],"similar":[142],"semantics":[143],"erroneously":[145],"pushed":[146],"apart":[147],"natural":[149],"language":[150],"processing":[151],"(NLP)-related":[152],"tasks.":[153],"We":[154],"examine":[155],"extension":[160],"(LE),":[161],"domain-adaption":[162],"(DA),":[163],"low-resource":[165],"generalization":[166],"evaluation":[167],"six":[170],"public":[171],"datasets":[172],"different":[174],"settings,":[175],"achieving":[176],"state-of-the-art":[177],"(SOTA)":[178],"results":[179],"most":[181],"cases.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
