{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386470325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","title":"Localizing From Classification: Self-Directed Weakly Supervised Object Localization for Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"Localizing From Classification: Self-Directed Weakly Supervised Object Localization for Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386470325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37672374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746164","display_name":"Jing Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106789501","display_name":"Junjie Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-8684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001435169","display_name":"Zhu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-160X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040227990","display_name":"Zheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-1546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106856666","display_name":"Chengxi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-7394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengxi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034517551","display_name":"Talal Ahmed Ali Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-3815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talal Ahmed Ali Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100746164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6851,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86548018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"12","first_page":"17935","last_page":"17949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7054873108863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6771234273910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5033530592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4696007966995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4683702886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4257866144180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4109441936016083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11860179901123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10876613855361938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7054873108863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6771234273910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5033530592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4696007966995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4683702886104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4257866144180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4109441936016083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11860179901123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10876613855361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3309889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37672374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37672374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3177995538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586935709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011915","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2006623133","https://openalex.org/W2033337766","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2270801692","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2626107033","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2790688320","https://openalex.org/W2804284560","https://openalex.org/W2883554151","https://openalex.org/W2889081631","https://openalex.org/W2950557962","https://openalex.org/W2962217138","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963045696","https://openalex.org/W2963606198","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2967085153","https://openalex.org/W2990371274","https://openalex.org/W2991989919","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3019659794","https://openalex.org/W3026303927","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3035712793","https://openalex.org/W3097560423","https://openalex.org/W3108948422","https://openalex.org/W3110272085","https://openalex.org/W3113299742","https://openalex.org/W3117854388","https://openalex.org/W3152635971","https://openalex.org/W3152922554","https://openalex.org/W3164714368","https://openalex.org/W3165716503","https://openalex.org/W3175841511","https://openalex.org/W3188582951","https://openalex.org/W3195354427","https://openalex.org/W3208099041","https://openalex.org/W3208937872","https://openalex.org/W4223896192","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6795664155","https://openalex.org/W6803870738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997512100","https://openalex.org/W2331043530","https://openalex.org/W2393933887","https://openalex.org/W2374725260","https://openalex.org/W1607315280","https://openalex.org/W4386140649","https://openalex.org/W2383403914","https://openalex.org/W1596397513","https://openalex.org/W2382838914","https://openalex.org/W2728071886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,66],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"object":[3,46,52],"localization":[4,47],"and":[5,34,87,159,169,178,188,199,209],"detection":[6],"methods":[7,27,203],"in":[8,80,123,184],"remote":[9,173],"sensing":[10,174],"images":[11],"(RSIs)":[12],"have":[13],"received":[14],"increasing":[15],"attention":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,50,77,99,132,138,153,164,194],"their":[19],"broad":[20],"applications.":[21],"However,":[22],"most":[23],"previous":[24,115],"fully":[25,41,85],"supervised":[26,42,45,74],"require":[28],"a":[29,71,149],"large":[30],"number":[31],"of":[32,64,94,104,145],"time-consuming":[33],"labor-intensive":[35],"instance-level":[36],"annotations.":[37],"Compared":[38],"with":[39,204,223],"those":[40],"methods,":[43,117],"weakly":[44,73],"(WSOL)":[48],"aims":[49],"recognize":[51],"instances":[53],"using":[54],"only":[55],"image-level":[56],"labels,":[57],"which":[58],"greatly":[59],"saves":[60],"the":[61,89,95,102,108,118,124,134,140,155,171,196],"labeling":[62],"costs":[63],"RSIs.":[65,81],"this":[67],"article,":[68],"we":[69,84,147,167],"propose":[70],"self-directed":[72,151],"strategy":[75],"(SD-WSS)":[76],"perform":[78],"WSOL":[79,116,182,202],"To":[82,106],"specify,":[83],"exploit":[86],"enhance":[88],"spatial":[90,119],"feature":[91],"extraction":[92],"capability":[93],"RSIs'":[96],"classification":[97,125,176],"model":[98,126,156],"accurately":[100],"localize":[101],"objects":[103],"interest.":[105],"alleviate":[107],"serious":[109],"discriminative":[110],"region":[111],"problem":[112],"exhibited":[113],"by":[114,130],"location":[120],"information":[121],"implicit":[122],"is":[127],"carefully":[128],"extracted":[129],"GradCAM++":[131],"guide":[133],"learning":[135],"procedure.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"eliminate":[139],"interference":[141],"from":[142],"complex":[143],"backgrounds":[144],"RSIs,":[146,185],"design":[148],"novel":[150],"loss":[152],"make":[154],"optimize":[157],"itself":[158],"explicitly":[160],"tell":[161],"it":[162],"where":[163],"look.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"review":[168],"annotate":[170],"existing":[172],"scene":[175],"dataset":[177],"create":[179],"two":[180],"new":[181],"benchmarks":[183],"named":[186],"C45V2":[187,208],"PN2.":[189,210],"We":[190],"conduct":[191],"extensive":[192],"experiments":[193],"evaluate":[195],"proposed":[197,216],"method":[198,217],"six":[200],"mainstream":[201],"three":[205],"backbones":[206],"on":[207],"The":[211],"results":[212],"demonstrate":[213],"that":[214],"our":[215],"achieves":[218],"better":[219],"performance":[220],"when":[221],"compared":[222],"state-of-the-arts.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
