{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387682091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","title":"Explainable Classification of Benign-Malignant Pulmonary Nodules With Neural Networks and Information Bottleneck","display_name":"Explainable Classification of Benign-Malignant Pulmonary Nodules With Neural Networks and Information Bottleneck","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387682091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37843998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001585068","display_name":"Haixing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment and the School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3212-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment and the School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768751","display_name":"Weipeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6366-3352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weipeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment and the School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6366-3352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment and the School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049053722","display_name":"Zhifan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-4439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-4439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055336250","display_name":"Heye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-0629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90676269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"2028","last_page":"2039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7600923180580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6810849905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.585598349571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5516001582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5263082981109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5214349627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.47892817854881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4731487035751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4686552584171295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4324050843715668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22385209798812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.15137585997581482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7600923180580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6810849905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.585598349571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5516001582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5263082981109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5214349627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47892817854881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4731487035751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4686552584171295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4324050843715668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22385209798812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.15137585997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3303395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37843998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37843998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2008788365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2103035836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2022202054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2239181749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1313703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4301587649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2020202009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4787296933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21372003D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328876","funder_display_name":"Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5231616835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62027813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328876","display_name":"Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130099911","https://openalex.org/W1686946872","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W1988117153","https://openalex.org/W2105610388","https://openalex.org/W2112467442","https://openalex.org/W2148076415","https://openalex.org/W2151695813","https://openalex.org/W2205795857","https://openalex.org/W2237167366","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2322371438","https://openalex.org/W2394599079","https://openalex.org/W2521468065","https://openalex.org/W2524399695","https://openalex.org/W2584017349","https://openalex.org/W2613475099","https://openalex.org/W2732063980","https://openalex.org/W2733946950","https://openalex.org/W2734776202","https://openalex.org/W2769848455","https://openalex.org/W2781660331","https://openalex.org/W2786052267","https://openalex.org/W2804383999","https://openalex.org/W2887808321","https://openalex.org/W2897755679","https://openalex.org/W2898222217","https://openalex.org/W2898477488","https://openalex.org/W2914959431","https://openalex.org/W2916845318","https://openalex.org/W2917322567","https://openalex.org/W2941706909","https://openalex.org/W2945807221","https://openalex.org/W2957352479","https://openalex.org/W2962852641","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962884052","https://openalex.org/W2963409068","https://openalex.org/W2968254841","https://openalex.org/W2998010746","https://openalex.org/W3005017129","https://openalex.org/W3009225866","https://openalex.org/W3023402713","https://openalex.org/W3036298167","https://openalex.org/W3040240789","https://openalex.org/W3049320518","https://openalex.org/W3081729309","https://openalex.org/W3088257970","https://openalex.org/W3092580847","https://openalex.org/W3096038436","https://openalex.org/W3096812112","https://openalex.org/W3105868192","https://openalex.org/W3112635222","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W3134900589","https://openalex.org/W3136605096","https://openalex.org/W3145782339","https://openalex.org/W3195361525","https://openalex.org/W3202243442","https://openalex.org/W4223575312","https://openalex.org/W4281635832","https://openalex.org/W4285819652","https://openalex.org/W4290935136","https://openalex.org/W4293387014","https://openalex.org/W4293469690","https://openalex.org/W4300485340","https://openalex.org/W4302363625","https://openalex.org/W4308782099","https://openalex.org/W4327704817","https://openalex.org/W4362563516","https://openalex.org/W6637108112","https://openalex.org/W6729906282","https://openalex.org/W6746693533","https://openalex.org/W6747758984","https://openalex.org/W6772510107","https://openalex.org/W6796559408","https://openalex.org/W6803072981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computerized":[0],"tomography":[1],"(CT)":[2],"is":[3,22,40,107,128,145,155,166,175,253,265],"a":[4,94,104,125,173,266],"clinically":[5],"primary":[6],"technique":[7],"to":[8,24,42,100,116,130,147,157,168,177,187,195,255,274],"differentiate":[9],"benign-malignant":[10],"pulmonary":[11,20,60],"nodules":[12,21,61],"for":[13,47],"lung":[14,49,74],"cancer":[15,50],"diagnosis.":[16],"Early":[17],"classification":[18,111,139],"of":[19,59,96],"essential":[23],"slow":[25],"down":[26],"the":[27,73,82,110,138,142,152,160,183,189,206,219,239,272],"degenerative":[28],"process":[29],"and":[30,69,112,120,133,151,172,211,217,221,234,252,269],"reduce":[31],"mortality.":[32],"The":[33,241],"interactive":[34],"paradigm":[35],"assisted":[36],"by":[37,182],"neural":[38,89],"networks":[39,90],"considered":[41],"be":[43,275],"an":[44,164],"effective":[45,254],"means":[46],"early":[48],"screening":[51],"in":[52,62,137],"large":[53],"populations.":[54],"However,":[55],"some":[56,170],"inherent":[57],"characteristics":[58],"high-resolution":[63],"CT":[64],"images,":[65],"e.g.,":[66],"diverse":[67],"shapes":[68],"sparse":[70],"distribution":[71],"over":[72],"fields,":[75],"have":[76],"been":[77],"inducing":[78],"inaccurate":[79],"results.":[80,123],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"most":[85],"existing":[86],"methods":[87],"with":[88],"are":[91,193],"dissatisfactory":[92],"from":[93],"lack":[95],"transparency.":[97],"In":[98],"order":[99],"overcome":[101],"these":[102],"obstacles,":[103],"united":[105,263],"framework":[106,198,230,247,264],"proposed,":[108],"including":[109],"feature":[113],"visualization":[114],"stages,":[115],"learn":[117],"distinctive":[118],"features":[119,136,150],"provide":[121],"visual":[122],"Specifically,":[124],"bilateral":[126],"scheme":[127],"employed":[129],"synchronously":[131],"extract":[132],"aggregate":[134],"global-local":[135],"stage,":[140],"where":[141],"global":[143],"branch":[144,154],"constructed":[146,176],"perceive":[148],"deep-level":[149],"local":[153],"built":[156,167],"focus":[158],"on":[159,199,238],"refined":[161],"details.":[162],"Furthermore,":[163],"encoder":[165],"generate":[169],"features,":[171],"decoder":[174],"simulate":[178],"decision":[179],"behavior,":[180],"followed":[181],"information":[184],"bottleneck":[185],"viewpoint":[186],"optimize":[188],"objective.":[190],"Extensive":[191],"experiments":[192],"performed":[194],"evaluate":[196],"our":[197,229,246],"two":[200],"publicly":[201],"available":[202],"datasets,":[203],"namely,":[204],"1)":[205],"Lung":[207,220],"Image":[208,212,224],"Database":[209,213],"Consortium":[210],"Resource":[214],"Initiative":[215],"(LIDC-IDRI)":[216],"2)":[218],"Colon":[222],"Histopathological":[223],"Dataset":[225],"(LC25000).":[226],"For":[227],"instance,":[228],"achieves":[231],"92.98%":[232],"accuracy":[233],"presents":[235],"additional":[236],"visualizations":[237],"LIDC.":[240],"experiment":[242],"results":[243],"show":[244],"that":[245,261],"can":[248],"obtain":[249],"outstanding":[250],"performance":[251],"facilitate":[256],"explainability.":[257],"It":[258],"also":[259],"demonstrates":[260],"this":[262],"serviceable":[267],"tool":[268],"further":[270],"has":[271],"scalability":[273],"introduced":[276],"into":[277],"clinical":[278],"research.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}