{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365442994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","title":"Learning to Double-Check Model Prediction From a Causal Perspective","display_name":"Learning to Double-Check Model Prediction From a Causal Perspective","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365442994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37053061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100609334","display_name":"Xun Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7713-8521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xun Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051925942","display_name":"Fuli Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuli Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389037","display_name":"Xiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038668215","display_name":"Xiangnan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-7992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangnan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042324027","display_name":"Hanwang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7374-8739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanwang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089404640","display_name":"Tat\u2010Seng Chua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tat-Seng Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100609334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6955157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"5054","last_page":"5063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5937042832374573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42602890729904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35256004333496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.324055552482605}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5937042832374573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42602890729904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35256004333496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.324055552482605}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3264712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37053061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37053061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/170568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/170568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1111288224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1406703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3379573397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5104534126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322006","display_name":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism","ror":"https://ror.org/02fkk6k65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2799751","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2607603241","https://openalex.org/W2885707361","https://openalex.org/W2886829407","https://openalex.org/W2897152025","https://openalex.org/W2947782760","https://openalex.org/W2963687836","https://openalex.org/W2970565181","https://openalex.org/W3033161486","https://openalex.org/W3035517717","https://openalex.org/W3038585207","https://openalex.org/W3043057662","https://openalex.org/W3099884329","https://openalex.org/W3103558512","https://openalex.org/W3103857453","https://openalex.org/W3103873238","https://openalex.org/W3106544837","https://openalex.org/W3106806814","https://openalex.org/W3114925695","https://openalex.org/W3121939794","https://openalex.org/W3176716813","https://openalex.org/W3177101259","https://openalex.org/W3177934633","https://openalex.org/W3180303049","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4245525356","https://openalex.org/W4300906944","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6729383884","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6748758124","https://openalex.org/W6757235116","https://openalex.org/W6768299147","https://openalex.org/W6775642233","https://openalex.org/W6780426561","https://openalex.org/W6783399553","https://openalex.org/W6785766461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"present":[1],"machine":[2],"learning":[3,47],"schema":[4],"typically":[5],"uses":[6],"a":[7,46,57,75,87,126],"one-pass":[8],"model":[9,136],"inference":[10],"(e.g.,":[11],"forward":[12],"propagation)":[13],"to":[14,48,79,132,139,147],"make":[15],"predictions":[16,66],"in":[17,82,166],"the":[18,30,36,72,101,109,114,117,120,134,140,144,162],"testing":[19],"phase.":[20],"It":[21],"is":[22,38],"inherently":[23],"different":[24],"from":[25],"human":[26],"students":[27],"who":[28],"double-check":[29,49],"answer":[31],"during":[32],"examinations":[33],"especially":[34],"when":[35],"confidence":[37],"low.":[39],"To":[40,70],"bridge":[41],"this":[42],"gap,":[43],"we":[44,77,124],"propose":[45],"(L2D)":[50],"framework,":[51],"which":[52],"formulates":[53],"double":[54],"check":[55],"as":[56],"learnable":[58],"procedure":[59],"with":[60],"two":[61,155],"core":[62],"operations:":[63],"recognizing":[64],"unreliable":[65],"and":[67,85,112,128,151,170],"revising":[68],"predictions.":[69],"judge":[71],"correctness":[73,168],"of":[74,119,164],"prediction,":[76],"resort":[78],"counterfactual":[80,95,121],"faithfulness":[81,89,118],"causal":[83],"theory":[84],"design":[86,125],"contrastive":[88],"measure.":[90],"In":[91],"particular,":[92],"L2D":[93,145,165],"generates":[94],"features":[96,103],"by":[97,116],"imagining:":[98],"\"what":[99],"would":[100],"sample":[102],"be":[104],"if":[105],"its":[106],"label":[107],"was":[108],"predicted":[110],"class\"":[111],"judges":[113],"prediction":[115,137,167],"features.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"simple":[127],"effective":[129],"revision":[130],"module":[131],"revise":[133],"original":[135],"according":[138],"faithfulness.":[141],"We":[142],"apply":[143],"framework":[146],"three":[148],"classification":[149],"models":[150],"conduct":[152],"experiments":[153],"on":[154],"public":[156],"datasets":[157],"for":[158],"image":[159],"classification,":[160],"validating":[161],"effectiveness":[163],"judgment":[169],"revision.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}