{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112497262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","title":"Measuring Disentanglement: A Review of Metrics","display_name":"Measuring Disentanglement: A Review of Metrics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112497262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","mag":"3112497262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030861649","display_name":"Marc\u2010Andr\u00e9 Carbonneau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-415X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104072","display_name":"Ubisoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hmp5p66","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104072"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc-Andr\u00e9 Carbonneau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ubisoft La Forge, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-415X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ubisoft La Forge, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006300453","display_name":"Julian Za\u00efdi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104072","display_name":"Ubisoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hmp5p66","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104072"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Za\u00efdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ubisoft La Forge, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ubisoft La Forge, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022116838","display_name":"Jonathan Boilard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Boilard","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004763968","display_name":"Ghyslain Gagnon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-7218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghyslain Gagnon","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-7218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9592118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"7","first_page":"8747","last_page":"8761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6898257732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6284692883491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6162364482879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.5491183996200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48985669016838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.48588985204696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4787715971469879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39403244853019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37758058309555054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6898257732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6284692883491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6162364482879639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5491183996200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48985669016838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48588985204696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4787715971469879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39403244853019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37758058309555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3218982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36374888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:25977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/25977/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article publi\u00e9 dans une revue, r\u00e9vis\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1786904711","https://openalex.org/W1994618660","https://openalex.org/W2114771311","https://openalex.org/W2124379907","https://openalex.org/W2134557905","https://openalex.org/W2135191607","https://openalex.org/W2144020560","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2184218725","https://openalex.org/W2561179021","https://openalex.org/W2620364083","https://openalex.org/W2753738274","https://openalex.org/W2785961484","https://openalex.org/W2789062658","https://openalex.org/W2801890059","https://openalex.org/W2807692250","https://openalex.org/W2903538854","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913775392","https://openalex.org/W2914441330","https://openalex.org/W2942718970","https://openalex.org/W2946896833","https://openalex.org/W2951428711","https://openalex.org/W2962690557","https://openalex.org/W2962818303","https://openalex.org/W2963104724","https://openalex.org/W2963226019","https://openalex.org/W2963366547","https://openalex.org/W2963445340","https://openalex.org/W2963504544","https://openalex.org/W2963568578","https://openalex.org/W2964127395","https://openalex.org/W2968131493","https://openalex.org/W2971127577","https://openalex.org/W2979770961","https://openalex.org/W2989701728","https://openalex.org/W2990823792","https://openalex.org/W2995490780","https://openalex.org/W2995533105","https://openalex.org/W2995789091","https://openalex.org/W2996554397","https://openalex.org/W3016970897","https://openalex.org/W3082744875","https://openalex.org/W3095298905","https://openalex.org/W3103934428","https://openalex.org/W3131183672","https://openalex.org/W3138037813","https://openalex.org/W3165990540","https://openalex.org/W3201109205","https://openalex.org/W4302294249","https://openalex.org/W6638150201","https://openalex.org/W6679705636","https://openalex.org/W6686131816","https://openalex.org/W6686217450","https://openalex.org/W6718140377","https://openalex.org/W6730969757","https://openalex.org/W6745687250","https://openalex.org/W6747786891","https://openalex.org/W6748025267","https://openalex.org/W6748223763","https://openalex.org/W6748391871","https://openalex.org/W6748445624","https://openalex.org/W6751810238","https://openalex.org/W6752145142","https://openalex.org/W6755300632","https://openalex.org/W6756663807","https://openalex.org/W6757445682","https://openalex.org/W6758720093","https://openalex.org/W6758776011","https://openalex.org/W6762931136","https://openalex.org/W6763088173","https://openalex.org/W6768000218","https://openalex.org/W6768693914","https://openalex.org/W6770647370","https://openalex.org/W6771689491","https://openalex.org/W6792150111","https://openalex.org/W6801241541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386430105","https://openalex.org/W2356521405","https://openalex.org/W2038534795","https://openalex.org/W2384358604","https://openalex.org/W1567829292","https://openalex.org/W3001063351","https://openalex.org/W3196905815","https://openalex.org/W2351370765","https://openalex.org/W3133811809","https://openalex.org/W1967452726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"to":[1,23,32,58,136],"disentangle":[2],"and":[3,50,73,95,119],"represent":[4],"factors":[5],"of":[6,89,106],"variation":[7],"in":[8,14,82,101],"data":[9],"is":[10,28,40,56],"an":[11],"important":[12],"problem":[13],"artificial":[15],"intelligence.":[16],"While":[17,35],"many":[18],"advances":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"made":[22],"learn":[24],"these":[25],"representations,":[26,108],"it":[27,55],"still":[29],"unclear":[30],"how":[31,135],"quantify":[33],"disentanglement.":[34,138],"several":[36,113],"metrics":[37,72,85],"exist,":[38],"little":[39],"known":[41],"on":[42,124,134],"their":[43,51],"implicit":[44],"assumptions,":[45],"what":[46],"they":[47],"truly":[48],"measure,":[49],"limits.":[52],"In":[53,65],"consequence,":[54],"difficult":[57],"interpret":[59],"results":[60,118],"when":[61],"comparing":[62],"different":[63],"representations.":[64],"this":[66],"work,":[67],"we":[68,103,121,131],"survey":[69],"supervised":[70],"disentanglement":[71],"thoroughly":[74],"analyze":[75],"them.":[76],"We":[77,97],"propose":[78],"a":[79],"new":[80],"taxonomy":[81],"which":[83,102],"all":[84],"fall":[86],"into":[87],"one":[88],"the":[90],"three":[91],"families:":[92],"intervention-based,":[93],"predictor-based,":[94],"information-based.":[96],"conduct":[98],"extensive":[99],"experiments":[100],"isolate":[104],"properties":[105],"disentangled":[107,127],"allowing":[109],"stratified":[110],"comparison":[111],"along":[112],"axes.":[114],"From":[115],"our":[116],"experiment":[117],"analysis,":[120],"provide":[122],"insights":[123],"relations":[125],"between":[126],"representation":[128],"properties.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"share":[132],"guidelines":[133],"measure":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}