{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3149755221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","title":"RCT: Resource Constrained Training for Edge AI","display_name":"RCT: Resource Constrained Training for Edge AI","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3149755221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","mag":"3149755221","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35998171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088757275","display_name":"Tian Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8765-1783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8765-1783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630043","display_name":"Tao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079627710","display_name":"Ming Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5762-395X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Centre for Frontier AI Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Centre for Frontier AI Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045125183","display_name":"Joey Tianyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joey Tianyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Centre for Frontier AI Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-7055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Centre for Frontier AI Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599295","display_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088757275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9184,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74019877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"2575","last_page":"2587"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7987619638442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.6517283320426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.6330015659332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5596712827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5498656034469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5070793628692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4781376123428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4529891312122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.42456620931625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38960370421409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.15813586115837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09157419204711914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7987619638442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.6517283320426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.6330015659332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5596712827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5498656034469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5070793628692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4781376123428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4529891312122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42456620931625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38960370421409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.15813586115837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09157419204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3190451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35998171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35998171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1962468782","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2058641082","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2123175289","https://openalex.org/W2125095437","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2401231614","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2427527485","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2563587242","https://openalex.org/W2584616277","https://openalex.org/W2610592929","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2776940252","https://openalex.org/W2787513570","https://openalex.org/W2803113791","https://openalex.org/W2803739089","https://openalex.org/W2805003733","https://openalex.org/W2809624076","https://openalex.org/W2810704618","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2886443245","https://openalex.org/W2893251308","https://openalex.org/W2894936553","https://openalex.org/W2903260438","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2939642520","https://openalex.org/W2941620283","https://openalex.org/W2949333977","https://openalex.org/W2951569836","https://openalex.org/W2956434358","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963273111","https://openalex.org/W2963310665","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2963374099","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2965527277","https://openalex.org/W2969652651","https://openalex.org/W2979314664","https://openalex.org/W2979515806","https://openalex.org/W2979517144","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W2991040477","https://openalex.org/W2995130285","https://openalex.org/W2996432061","https://openalex.org/W2998183051","https://openalex.org/W2998218113","https://openalex.org/W2999599167","https://openalex.org/W2999803881","https://openalex.org/W3004061291","https://openalex.org/W3004100696","https://openalex.org/W3005824466","https://openalex.org/W3006249601","https://openalex.org/W3007175960","https://openalex.org/W3011758436","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3100985894","https://openalex.org/W3108835732","https://openalex.org/W3114304470","https://openalex.org/W3118568258","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3132596662","https://openalex.org/W3176483701","https://openalex.org/W3177265267","https://openalex.org/W3196547485","https://openalex.org/W3205015346","https://openalex.org/W4224283915","https://openalex.org/W4248206987","https://openalex.org/W4280617669","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745245109","https://openalex.org/W6747157835","https://openalex.org/W6748319235","https://openalex.org/W6751528251","https://openalex.org/W6751979845","https://openalex.org/W6753069482","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755843862","https://openalex.org/W6756718674","https://openalex.org/W6756979132","https://openalex.org/W6759263581","https://openalex.org/W6762407294","https://openalex.org/W6765532259","https://openalex.org/W6771506636","https://openalex.org/W6771652641","https://openalex.org/W6771840438","https://openalex.org/W6773900053","https://openalex.org/W6776069494","https://openalex.org/W6779590286","https://openalex.org/W6785662278","https://openalex.org/W6787300081","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6788001715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W179829755","https://openalex.org/W4313339048","https://openalex.org/W4295943704","https://openalex.org/W4386004629","https://openalex.org/W3176734149","https://openalex.org/W3208617247","https://openalex.org/W3201779876","https://openalex.org/W3113627641","https://openalex.org/W4238142035","https://openalex.org/W2918879532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"neural":[1,22],"network":[2,23],"training":[3,9,46,49,104,109,123,133],"is":[4,27,31,77,134,180,234],"essential":[5],"for":[6,110,129,182,193,200,236],"in":[7,19,85,132,162,186,214],"situ":[8],"of":[10,44,72,82,98],"edge":[11,26,39,111],"artificial":[12],"intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"and":[15,40,64,92,113,160,168,196],"carbon":[16],"footprint":[17],"reduction":[18],"general.":[20],"Train":[21],"on":[24,38,53,175,210],"the":[25,41,54,57,73,80,122,126,207,211,225,231],"challenging":[28,227],"because":[29],"there":[30],"a":[32,118,145,228],"large":[33,96],"gap":[34],"between":[35,90],"limited":[36],"resources":[37],"resource":[42,102],"requirement":[43,128],"current":[45],"methods.":[47],"Existing":[48],"methods":[50,68],"are":[51],"based":[52],"assumption":[55],"that":[56,125,174,206],"underlying":[58],"computing":[59],"infrastructure":[60],"has":[61],"sufficient":[62,181],"memory":[63,84,94,127,192],"energy":[65,143,199],"supplies.":[66],"These":[67],"involve":[69],"two":[70],"copies":[71],"model":[74,120,130,146,194,215],"parameters,":[75],"which":[76],"usually":[78],"beyond":[79],"capacity":[81],"on-chip":[83,93],"processors.":[86],"The":[87],"data":[88],"movement":[89],"off-chip":[91],"incurs":[95],"amounts":[97],"energy.":[99],"We":[100,153],"propose":[101],"constrained":[103],"(RCT)":[105],"to":[106,141,220],"realize":[107],"resource-efficient":[108],"devices":[112],"servers.":[114],"RCT":[115,189],"only":[116],"keeps":[117],"quantized":[119],"throughout":[121],"so":[124],"parameters":[131,195],"reduced.":[135],"It":[136],"adjusts":[137],"per-layer":[138],"bitwidth":[139,233],"dynamically":[140],"save":[142],"when":[144],"can":[147],"learn":[148],"effectively":[149],"with":[150,157],"lower":[151,232],"precision.":[152],"carry":[154],"out":[155],"experiments":[156],"representative":[158],"models":[159],"tasks":[161],"image":[163],"classification,":[164],"natural":[165],"language":[166],"processing,":[167],"crowd":[169],"counting":[170],"applications.":[171,188],"Experiments":[172],"show":[173],"average,":[176],"8-15-bit":[177],"weight":[178],"update":[179],"achieving":[183],"SOTA":[184],"performance":[185],"these":[187],"saves":[190,197],"63.5%-80%":[191],"more":[198,226],"communications.":[201],"Through":[202],"experiments,":[203],"we":[204],"observe":[205],"common":[208],"practice":[209],"first/last":[212],"layer":[213],"compression":[216],"does":[217],"not":[218],"apply":[219],"efficient":[221,237],"training.":[222,238],"Also,":[223],"interestingly,":[224],"dataset":[229],"is,":[230],"required":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
