{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216338701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","title":"Resource-Aware Time Series Imaging Classification for Wireless Link Layer Anomalies","display_name":"Resource-Aware Time Series Imaging Classification for Wireless Link Layer Anomalies","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216338701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","mag":"3216338701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35175924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962385/6104215/09715175.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962385/6104215/09715175.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017094963","display_name":"Bla\u017e Bertalani\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-0732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bla\u017e Bertalani\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Communication Systems, Jo&#x017E;ef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-0732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Communication Systems, Jo&#x017E;ef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079915870","display_name":"Marko Me\u017ea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-9766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Me\u017ea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-9766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085365040","display_name":"Carolina Fortuna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-3520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Fortuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Communication Systems, Jo&#x017E;ef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-3520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Communication Systems, Jo&#x017E;ef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017094963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95358065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"8031","last_page":"8043"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8048549890518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7027561664581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4818476438522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4614800810813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45418986678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42301130294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4189601540565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.41377416253089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3540702760219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3425818681716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33091089129447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11940139532089233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8048549890518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7027561664581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4818476438522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4614800810813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45418986678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42301130294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4189601540565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.41377416253089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3540702760219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3425818681716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33091089129447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11940139532089233}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962385/6104215/09715175.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35175924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35175924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.00972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.00972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.00972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3149091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962385/6104215/09715175.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1770108265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P2-0016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216338701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216338701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116902681","https://openalex.org/W1679889405","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1967158716","https://openalex.org/W1997102766","https://openalex.org/W2026430219","https://openalex.org/W2065574468","https://openalex.org/W2086226917","https://openalex.org/W2095230296","https://openalex.org/W2099593264","https://openalex.org/W2115185534","https://openalex.org/W2122053769","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2555077524","https://openalex.org/W2612398564","https://openalex.org/W2744245146","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2887731362","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2899004865","https://openalex.org/W2933791485","https://openalex.org/W2955040443","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2964296212","https://openalex.org/W2964962196","https://openalex.org/W2969580338","https://openalex.org/W2993687209","https://openalex.org/W3003514894","https://openalex.org/W3006201615","https://openalex.org/W3010246639","https://openalex.org/W3018145837","https://openalex.org/W3023304937","https://openalex.org/W3041437500","https://openalex.org/W3048691515","https://openalex.org/W3093478721","https://openalex.org/W3106312933","https://openalex.org/W3107308218","https://openalex.org/W3123882998","https://openalex.org/W3208133533","https://openalex.org/W3208688400","https://openalex.org/W3217425317","https://openalex.org/W4244760310","https://openalex.org/W6604828220","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6777531247","https://openalex.org/W6802821011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2105642232","https://openalex.org/W3207332793","https://openalex.org/W3197833032","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4386081464","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4390846322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"number":[1],"of":[2,17,58,165,174],"end":[3],"devices":[4],"that":[5,111],"use":[6],"the":[7,15,88,112,117,172,175,178,196],"last-mile":[8],"wireless":[9,36,63],"connectivity":[10],"is":[11],"dramatically":[12],"increasing":[13],"with":[14,149],"rise":[16],"smart":[18],"infrastructures":[19],"and":[20,27,40,44,70,74,96,155,161,169],"requires":[21],"reliable":[22],"functioning":[23],"to":[24,104,126,140,163,184],"support":[25],"smooth":[26],"efficient":[28],"business":[29],"processes.":[30],"To":[31],"efficiently":[32],"manage":[33],"such":[34,152],"massive":[35],"networks,":[37],"more":[38],"advanced":[39],"accurate":[41,82],"network":[42],"monitoring":[43],"malfunction":[45],"detection":[46,65],"solutions":[47],"are":[48],"required.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"article,":[52],"we":[53,188],"perform":[54],"a":[55,76,93,98],"first-time":[56],"analysis":[57],"image-based":[59],"representation":[60],"techniques":[61],"for":[62,91],"anomaly":[64,83],"using":[66,101,107,134],"recurrence":[67],"plots":[68],"(RPs)":[69],"Gramian":[71,121],"angular":[72,122],"fields":[73,123],"propose":[75,97],"new":[77,99],"deep":[78],"learning":[79],"architecture":[80,95],"enabling":[81],"detection.":[84],"We":[85,109],"elaborate":[86],"on":[87,120,147,191],"design":[89],"considerations":[90],"developing":[92],"resource-aware":[94],"model":[100],"time":[102,136],"series":[103],"image":[105],"transformation":[106],"RPs.":[108],"show":[110],"proposed":[113],"model:":[114],"1)":[115],"outperforms":[116,130,144,171],"one":[118],"based":[119],"by":[124,138,182],"up":[125,139,162,183],"14%":[127],"points;":[128,142],"2)":[129],"classical":[131],"ML":[132],"models":[133],"dynamic":[135],"warping":[137],"24%":[141],"3)":[143],"or":[145],"performs":[146],"par":[148],"mainstream":[150],"architectures,":[151],"as":[153],"AlexNet":[154],"VGG11":[156],"while":[157],"having":[158],"their":[159,166],"weights":[160],"\u22488%":[164],"computational":[167],"complexity;":[168],"d)":[170],"state":[173],"art":[176],"in":[177],"respective":[179],"application":[180],"area":[181],"55%":[185],"points.":[186],"Finally,":[187],"also":[189],"explain":[190],"randomly":[192],"chosen":[193],"examples":[194],"how":[195],"classifier":[197],"takes":[198],"decisions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
