{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210407519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","title":"A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Underwater Image Classification","display_name":"A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Underwater Image Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210407519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012290807","display_name":"Sparsh Mittal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sparsh Mittal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department and the Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-993X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department and the Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053160394","display_name":"Srishti Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-7279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152718","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad","ror":"https://ror.org/0509djg30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152718"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srishti Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Dharwad, Dharwad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-7279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Dharwad, Dharwad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103010988","display_name":"J. Phani Jayanth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Phani Jayanth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-0579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99646163,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"6968","last_page":"6982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.791532576084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6672981977462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5448638200759888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.515226423740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coral-reef","display_name":"Coral reef","score":0.47550636529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reef","display_name":"Reef","score":0.42705345153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.3816608190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24096450209617615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.791532576084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6672981977462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5448638200759888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.515226423740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79367842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11292","display_name":"Coral reef","level":2,"score":0.47550636529922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77044568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184358","display_name":"Reef","level":2,"score":0.42705345153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.3816608190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24096450209617615}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005399","descriptor_name":"Fishes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005399","descriptor_name":"Fishes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005399","descriptor_name":"Fishes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017753","descriptor_name":"Ecosystem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017753","descriptor_name":"Ecosystem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017753","descriptor_name":"Ecosystem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057894","descriptor_name":"Coral Reefs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057894","descriptor_name":"Coral Reefs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057894","descriptor_name":"Coral Reefs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3143887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35104229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35104229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2623343904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-IR-2972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575995490","https://openalex.org/W1709548961","https://openalex.org/W1960777822","https://openalex.org/W1992396639","https://openalex.org/W2014915963","https://openalex.org/W2060543695","https://openalex.org/W2123898922","https://openalex.org/W2186155590","https://openalex.org/W2259303769","https://openalex.org/W2427657585","https://openalex.org/W2507414358","https://openalex.org/W2508077530","https://openalex.org/W2522256182","https://openalex.org/W2561159802","https://openalex.org/W2588000522","https://openalex.org/W2601789736","https://openalex.org/W2604278999","https://openalex.org/W2609530591","https://openalex.org/W2759911238","https://openalex.org/W2765222550","https://openalex.org/W2765684918","https://openalex.org/W2781072509","https://openalex.org/W2781762404","https://openalex.org/W2795250396","https://openalex.org/W2888342021","https://openalex.org/W2891182582","https://openalex.org/W2896018215","https://openalex.org/W2897654901","https://openalex.org/W2899450198","https://openalex.org/W2904997484","https://openalex.org/W2905050155","https://openalex.org/W2905050280","https://openalex.org/W2917262027","https://openalex.org/W2944464763","https://openalex.org/W2945972832","https://openalex.org/W2955086978","https://openalex.org/W2958223128","https://openalex.org/W2959492430","https://openalex.org/W2963246747","https://openalex.org/W2998912511","https://openalex.org/W3001914438","https://openalex.org/W3020755351","https://openalex.org/W3048382793","https://openalex.org/W3080525841","https://openalex.org/W3081733912","https://openalex.org/W3084305023","https://openalex.org/W3100476583","https://openalex.org/W3119257952","https://openalex.org/W3154571607","https://openalex.org/W3172986704","https://openalex.org/W3191597567","https://openalex.org/W3212185757","https://openalex.org/W4235653448","https://openalex.org/W6634471541","https://openalex.org/W6637616945","https://openalex.org/W6692147582","https://openalex.org/W6730008917","https://openalex.org/W6736025092","https://openalex.org/W6756433372","https://openalex.org/W6757407635","https://openalex.org/W6782339835","https://openalex.org/W6797026828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981253168","https://openalex.org/W1120309716","https://openalex.org/W2105092152","https://openalex.org/W2079287616","https://openalex.org/W1467387222","https://openalex.org/W2012693525","https://openalex.org/W1977924512","https://openalex.org/W2158189062","https://openalex.org/W2018708029","https://openalex.org/W1999831262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"there":[3],"has":[4,53],"been":[5],"an":[6],"enormous":[7],"interest":[8],"in":[9,55],"using":[10],"deep":[11,75,111,127],"learning":[12,76,112,128],"to":[13,17,121,136],"classify":[14],"underwater":[15,63,80,95,130],"images":[16,131],"identify":[18],"various":[19],"objects,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"fishes,":[23],"plankton,":[24],"coral":[25],"reefs,":[26],"seagrass,":[27],"submarines,":[28],"and":[29,44,46,59,65,87,132],"gestures":[30],"of":[31,74,89,100,110],"sea":[32],"divers.":[33],"This":[34,69],"classification":[35,97],"is":[36,98],"essential":[37],"for":[38,78],"measuring":[39],"the":[40,48,85,101,107],"water":[41],"bodies'":[42],"health":[43],"quality":[45],"protecting":[47],"endangered":[49],"species.":[50],"Furthermore,":[51],"it":[52],"applications":[54],"oceanography,":[56],"marine":[57],"economy":[58],"defense,":[60],"environment":[61],"protection,":[62],"exploration,":[64],"human-robot":[66],"collaborative":[67],"tasks.":[68],"article":[70],"presents":[71],"a":[72],"survey":[73,119],"techniques":[77],"performing":[79],"image":[81,96],"classification.":[82],"We":[83,92],"underscore":[84],"similarities":[86],"differences":[88],"several":[90],"methods.":[91],"believe":[93],"that":[94,104,116],"one":[99],"killer":[102],"application":[103],"would":[105],"test":[106],"ultimate":[108],"success":[109],"techniques.":[113],"Toward":[114],"realizing":[115],"goal,":[117],"this":[118],"seeks":[120],"inform":[122],"researchers":[123],"about":[124],"state-of-the-art":[125],"on":[126,129],"also":[133],"motivate":[134],"them":[135],"push":[137],"its":[138],"frontiers":[139],"forward.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}