{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211435915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","title":"Learning Smooth Representation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation","display_name":"Learning Smooth Representation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211435915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","mag":"3211435915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34788221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guanyu Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-7585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guanyu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lianghua He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianghua He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengchu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-8752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengchu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hesham Alhumade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-242X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hesham Alhumade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Die Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Die Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of EMW Information, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of EMW Information, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86296656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"8","first_page":"4181","last_page":"4195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.8780999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipschitz-continuity","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","score":0.7781000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5116999745368958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.8780999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22324862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652707","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","level":2,"score":0.7781000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5263000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5116999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3119889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34788221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34788221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2146015529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3028071897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4222873822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6052398758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U18092006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7338027499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFPNC-001-135-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G897182718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021SHZDZX0100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16455933","https://openalex.org/W2059979378","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2131953535","https://openalex.org/W2163345210","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2340877487","https://openalex.org/W2342085406","https://openalex.org/W2478454054","https://openalex.org/W2584009249","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2744915377","https://openalex.org/W2755577605","https://openalex.org/W2789767547","https://openalex.org/W2808408933","https://openalex.org/W2892946488","https://openalex.org/W2900892061","https://openalex.org/W2946948585","https://openalex.org/W2954581613","https://openalex.org/W2962687275","https://openalex.org/W2963403405","https://openalex.org/W2963855133","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2964288524","https://openalex.org/W2975612241","https://openalex.org/W2998989269","https://openalex.org/W3005485628","https://openalex.org/W3013163434","https://openalex.org/W3037948385","https://openalex.org/W3111817041","https://openalex.org/W6634275340","https://openalex.org/W6637542466","https://openalex.org/W6637618735","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6681588610","https://openalex.org/W6681637710","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6683633756","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687400500","https://openalex.org/W6695692224","https://openalex.org/W6703116779","https://openalex.org/W6713955831","https://openalex.org/W6720691552","https://openalex.org/W6725448924","https://openalex.org/W6732249622","https://openalex.org/W6734335776","https://openalex.org/W6735050833","https://openalex.org/W6742145602","https://openalex.org/W6746171285","https://openalex.org/W6748312029","https://openalex.org/W6750109254","https://openalex.org/W6750298688","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6762823943","https://openalex.org/W6763122499","https://openalex.org/W6773946081","https://openalex.org/W6773992155","https://openalex.org/W6782275643"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Typical":[0],"adversarial-training-based":[1],"unsupervised":[2],"domain":[3],"adaptation":[4],"(UDA)":[5],"methods":[6,30],"are":[7,15,145],"vulnerable":[8],"when":[9],"the":[10,74,87,105,118,136,153,182,189],"source":[11],"and":[12,62,98,138,161,191],"target":[13,45,122,158,187],"datasets":[14],"highly":[16],"complex":[17],"or":[18],"exhibit":[19],"a":[20,40,44,50,55,78,121,125,130,157,186],"large":[21],"discrepancy":[22,113],"between":[23,94],"their":[24],"data":[25],"distributions.":[26],"Recently,":[27],"several":[28,174],"Lipschitz-constraint-based":[29,198],"have":[31],"been":[32],"explored.":[33],"The":[34],"satisfaction":[35],"of":[36,53,76,90,101,120,140,156,163,185,193],"Lipschitz":[37,56,79],"continuity":[38],"guarantees":[39],"remarkable":[41],"performance":[42],"on":[43,66,173],"domain.":[46],"However,":[47],"they":[48],"lack":[49],"mathematical":[51],"analysis":[52],"why":[54],"constraint":[57,80],"is":[58,96,108,114,206],"beneficial":[59],"to":[60,116,134,201],"UDA":[61],"usually":[63],"perform":[64],"poorly":[65],"large-scale":[67,203],"datasets.":[68,204],"In":[69],"this":[70],"article,":[71],"we":[72],"take":[73],"principle":[75],"utilizing":[77],"further":[81],"by":[82],"discussing":[83],"how":[84,102],"it":[85],"affects":[86],"error":[88,106],"bound":[89,107],"UDA.":[91],"A":[92,110],"connection":[93],"them":[95],"built,":[97],"an":[99],"illustration":[100],"Lipschitzness":[103,119],"reduces":[104],"presented.":[109],"local":[111],"smooth":[112],"defined":[115],"measure":[117],"distribution":[123],"in":[124,147],"pointwise":[126],"way.":[127],"When":[128],"constructing":[129],"deep":[131],"end-to-end":[132],"model,":[133],"ensure":[135],"effectiveness":[137],"stability":[139],"UDA,":[141],"three":[142],"critical":[143],"factors":[144],"considered":[146],"our":[148,169],"proposed":[149],"optimization":[150],"strategy,":[151],"i.e.,":[152],"sample":[154,183],"amount":[155,184],"domain,":[159,188],"dimension,":[160,190],"batchsize":[162,192],"samples.":[164],"Experimental":[165],"results":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"that":[168,181],"model":[170],"performs":[171],"well":[172],"standard":[175],"benchmarks.":[176],"Our":[177],"ablation":[178],"study":[179],"shows":[180],"samples,":[194],"indeed,":[195],"greatly":[196],"impact":[197],"methods'":[199],"ability":[200],"handle":[202],"Code":[205],"available":[207],"at":[208],"https://github.com/CuthbertCai/SRDA.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}