{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200799048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","title":"Spatial\u2013Spectral Unified Adaptive Probability Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Spatial\u2013Spectral Unified Adaptive Probability Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200799048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","mag":"3200799048","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044032571","display_name":"Yun Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yun Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036258937","display_name":"Yanwen Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwen Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049671371","display_name":"Shaoming Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-3876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoming Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373842","display_name":"Yujie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3471-2340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060713245","display_name":"Congchong Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-0930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congchong Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044032571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95402982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"7","first_page":"3650","last_page":"3664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.963699996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.698352575302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6689417362213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6344519853591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6334857940673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5787016153335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5783528089523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4917176067829132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.48790475726127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4080026149749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.10220304131507874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.698352575302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6689417362213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6344519853591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6334857940673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5787016153335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5783528089523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4917176067829132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.48790475726127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4080026149749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.10220304131507874}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34554921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G616159729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8975931662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41671382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501856433","https://openalex.org/W1517907761","https://openalex.org/W1979089718","https://openalex.org/W1988048998","https://openalex.org/W1993962865","https://openalex.org/W2022631295","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2097915756","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2166923144","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2313932751","https://openalex.org/W2406581873","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2522078899","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2577472518","https://openalex.org/W2587790406","https://openalex.org/W2789643644","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2793645503","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2804744787","https://openalex.org/W2808979303","https://openalex.org/W2889192935","https://openalex.org/W2892621946","https://openalex.org/W2896340099","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2954497554","https://openalex.org/W2962217138","https://openalex.org/W2962770389","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W2965744772","https://openalex.org/W2966502719","https://openalex.org/W2982826170","https://openalex.org/W2991494819","https://openalex.org/W3013868170","https://openalex.org/W3028306149","https://openalex.org/W3043181422","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3098388691","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W4235539094","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W6714133674","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2076134148","https://openalex.org/W2084942241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,106],"hyperspectral":[1],"image":[2],"(HSI)":[3],"classification":[4,89,218],"task,":[5],"semisupervised":[6],"graph":[7,30,97,152,188],"convolutional":[8],"network":[9],"(GCN)-based":[10],"methods":[11,35,74,219],"have":[12],"received":[13],"increasing":[14],"attention.":[15],"However,":[16],"two":[17,203,223],"problems":[18],"still":[19],"need":[20],"to":[21,40,146,182,212],"be":[22],"addressed.":[23],"The":[24],"first":[25],"is":[26,36,61,83,118,205],"that":[27,62],"the":[28,33,42,51,56,63,72,96,125,130,139,148,158,165,170,187,191,198,226],"initial":[29],"structure":[31,44,172,189],"in":[32,220],"GCN-based":[34,73],"not":[37,93],"sufficiently":[38],"flexible":[39],"encode":[41],"homogenous":[43],"similarity":[45,128],"of":[46,71,129,133,164,222],"HSI":[47,88,121,134,167,210],"pixels":[48],"when":[49],"facing":[50],"complex":[52],"scenarios":[53],"induced":[54],"by":[55],"spatial":[57,144],"variability.":[58],"Another":[59],"problem":[60,86],"input":[64],"(graph":[65],"structure)":[66],"and":[67,143,173,190,230],"output":[68,104,192],"(output":[69],"features)":[70],"are":[75,176],"separated":[76],"with":[77,99,195,202,235],"a":[78,84,100,109,179,183],"\"single":[79],"pass\"":[80],"procedure,":[81],"which":[82,155],"suboptimal":[85],"for":[87,120],"because":[90],"it":[91],"does":[92],"flexibly":[94],"optimize":[95],"construction":[98],"feedback":[101],"method":[102,117,201],"via":[103],"features.":[105],"this":[107,136],"article,":[108],"novel":[110],"spatial-spectral":[111,149],"unified":[112,180],"adaptive":[113,150],"probability":[114,151],"GCN":[115,174],"(SSAPGCN)":[116],"proposed":[119,199],"classification.":[122],"First,":[123],"considering":[124],"homogeneous":[126,166],"structural":[127],"pairwise":[131],"relationships":[132],"pixels,":[135],"article":[137],"combines":[138],"inherent":[140],"spectral":[141],"information":[142],"coordinates":[145],"obtain":[147],"(SSAPG)":[153],"structure,":[154],"can":[156],"capture":[157],"probabilistic":[159],"connectivity":[160],"between":[161],"each":[162],"pair":[163],"pixels.":[168],"Second,":[169],"SSAPG":[171],"model":[175],"combined":[177],"into":[178],"framework":[181],"daptively":[184],"learn":[185],"both":[186],"features":[193],"simultaneously":[194],"feedback.":[196],"Finally,":[197],"SSAPGCN":[200],"layers":[204],"evaluated":[206],"on":[207],"four":[208],"public":[209],"datasets":[211],"demonstrate":[213],"its":[214],"superiority":[215],"over":[216],"different":[217],"terms":[221],"evaluation":[224],"metrics,":[225],"overall":[227],"accuracy":[228],"(OA)":[229],"kappa":[231],"coefficient":[232],"(KC),":[233],"especially":[234],"small":[236],"training":[237],"sample":[238],"sizes.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
