{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196571547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","title":"Rectified Linear Postsynaptic Potential Function for Backpropagation in Deep Spiking Neural Networks","display_name":"Rectified Linear Postsynaptic Potential Function for Backpropagation in Deep Spiking Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196571547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","mag":"3196571547","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Malu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiadong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-3133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiadong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jibin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ammar Belatreche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-9366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Belatreche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Burin Amornpaisannon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burin Amornpaisannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhixuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Venkata Pavan Kumar Miriyala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-4517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkata Pavan Kumar Miriyala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-3441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yansong Chua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-843X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yansong Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Trevor E. Carlson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-134X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor E. Carlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.3052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":164,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99321551,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"5","first_page":"1947","last_page":"1958"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rule","display_name":"Learning rule","score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synaptic-weight","display_name":"Synaptic weight","score":0.3837999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7495999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6682000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510194","display_name":"Learning rule","level":3,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66949984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662043","display_name":"Synaptic weight","level":3,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197341189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863533","display_name":"Postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909946758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Spike train","level":3,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202286095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579262","display_name":"Error function","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167085575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803654","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009473","descriptor_name":"Neuronal Plasticity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009473","descriptor_name":"Neuronal Plasticity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009473","descriptor_name":"Neuronal Plasticity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055366","descriptor_name":"Synaptic Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055366","descriptor_name":"Synaptic Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055366","descriptor_name":"Synaptic Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3110991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34534091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W1965678517","https://openalex.org/W2007815184","https://openalex.org/W2008008156","https://openalex.org/W2025166739","https://openalex.org/W2060561757","https://openalex.org/W2088192327","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2121458485","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2154790323","https://openalex.org/W2164653071","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2237922334","https://openalex.org/W2260550436","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2513853720","https://openalex.org/W2565565355","https://openalex.org/W2569813014","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2593980914","https://openalex.org/W2618255684","https://openalex.org/W2620474507","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2730906708","https://openalex.org/W2734326062","https://openalex.org/W2754486806","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2779025322","https://openalex.org/W2792794651","https://openalex.org/W2798878556","https://openalex.org/W2800613970","https://openalex.org/W2802748234","https://openalex.org/W2892077605","https://openalex.org/W2898323475","https://openalex.org/W2905533880","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2944119451","https://openalex.org/W2944906262","https://openalex.org/W2963157821","https://openalex.org/W2963206832","https://openalex.org/W2963335874","https://openalex.org/W2964035021","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2964166416","https://openalex.org/W2964901405","https://openalex.org/W2966081953","https://openalex.org/W2973049979","https://openalex.org/W2974328520","https://openalex.org/W2977501091","https://openalex.org/W2981101011","https://openalex.org/W2984844508","https://openalex.org/W3006426821","https://openalex.org/W3035644810","https://openalex.org/W3036866137","https://openalex.org/W3091431973","https://openalex.org/W3135613337","https://openalex.org/W3158377181","https://openalex.org/W3186962187","https://openalex.org/W3208074141","https://openalex.org/W3213073654","https://openalex.org/W4225708293","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6686394896","https://openalex.org/W6689286705","https://openalex.org/W6739434765","https://openalex.org/W6739717150","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6752051825","https://openalex.org/W6754595668","https://openalex.org/W6774680395","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6780181723","https://openalex.org/W6784109189","https://openalex.org/W6790089871"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(SNNs)":[3],"use":[4],"spatiotemporal":[5],"spike":[6,124,139,222],"patterns":[7],"to":[8,69,112,200,236],"represent":[9],"and":[10,95,117,192,211,230,242],"transmit":[11],"information,":[12],"which":[13],"are":[14],"not":[15,47,57,74],"only":[16],"biologically":[17],"realistic":[18],"but":[19],"also":[20,178],"suitable":[21],"for":[22,92,102,225],"ultralow-power":[23,165],"event-driven":[24,128],"neuromorphic":[25,172,182,243],"implementation.":[26],"Just":[27],"like":[28],"other":[29],"deep":[30,33,39],"learning":[31,100,118,141,161],"techniques,":[32],"SNNs":[34],"(DeepSNNs)":[35],"benefit":[36],"from":[37,157,204],"the":[38,42,50,105,136,145,152,158,181,188,205,219,237],"architecture.":[40],"However,":[41],"training":[43],"of":[44,107,187,197,209,221,239],"DeepSNNs":[45,103,133,241],"is":[46,56,110,120],"straightforward":[48],"because":[49],"well-studied":[51],"error":[52,71],"backpropagation":[53],"(BP)":[54,119],"algorithm":[55,101,142],"directly":[58],"applicable.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,216],"article,":[62],"we":[63,163],"first":[64],"establish":[65],"an":[66,127,202],"understanding":[67],"as":[68],"why":[70],"BP":[72,98],"does":[73],"work":[75,217],"well":[76],"in":[77,126],"DeepSNNs.":[78],"We":[79,130],"then":[80],"propose":[81],"a":[82,96,169,194,233],"simple":[83],"yet":[84],"efficient":[85],"rectified":[86],"linear":[87],"postsynaptic":[88],"potential":[89],"function":[90],"(ReL-PSP)":[91],"spiking":[93],"neurons":[94],"spike-timing-dependent":[97],"(STDBP)":[99],"where":[104],"timing":[106,125,223],"individual":[108],"spikes":[109],"used":[111],"convey":[113],"information":[114,226],"(temporal":[115],"coding),":[116],"performed":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,168],"manner.":[129],"show":[131,179],"that":[132,180],"trained":[134,153],"with":[135],"proposed":[137,159,171],"single":[138],"time-based":[140],"can":[143],"achieve":[144],"state-of-the-art":[146],"classification":[147],"accuracy.":[148],"Furthermore,":[149],"by":[150],"utilizing":[151],"model":[154],"parameters":[155],"obtained":[156],"STDBP":[160],"algorithm,":[162],"demonstrate":[164],"inference":[166,173],"operations":[167],"recently":[170],"accelerator.":[174],"The":[175],"experimental":[176],"results":[177],"hardware":[183],"consumes":[184],"0.751":[185],"mW":[186],"total":[189],"power":[190],"consumption":[191],"achieves":[193],"low":[195],"latency":[196],"47.71":[198],"ms":[199],"classify":[201],"image":[203],"Modified":[206],"National":[207],"Institute":[208],"Standards":[210],"Technology":[212],"(MNIST)":[213],"dataset.":[214],"Overall,":[215],"investigates":[218],"contribution":[220],"dynamics":[224],"encoding,":[227],"synaptic":[228],"plasticity,":[229],"decision-making,":[231],"providing":[232],"new":[234],"perspective":[235],"design":[238],"future":[240],"hardware.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2021-09-13T00:00:00"}