{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158264953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","title":"Class-Imbalanced Deep Learning via a Class-Balanced Ensemble","display_name":"Class-Imbalanced Deep Learning via a Class-Balanced Ensemble","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158264953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","mag":"3158264953","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33900923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017769599","display_name":"Zhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-368X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-368X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101518907","display_name":"Jiang Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8573-311X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8573-311X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Research Center of China, School of Economic Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114259459","display_name":"Guoping Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5877-5648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoping Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Intelligent Information Processing, and Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5877-5648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Intelligent Information Processing, and Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98317882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"10","first_page":"5626","last_page":"5640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8125060796737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7540956735610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7329451441764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6947617530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6857712864875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6783002614974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6762211918830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5715543031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4987163543701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4252956509590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41271182894706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.398581326007843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8125060796737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7540956735610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7329451441764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6947617530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6857712864875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6783002614974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6762211918830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5715543031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4987163543701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4252956509590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41271182894706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.398581326007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3071122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33900923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33900923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G241943785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16XJAZH002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335982","funder_display_name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4643212926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19XJC880001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335982","funder_display_name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6742667446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KZDZX1028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335982","display_name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W592081968","https://openalex.org/W906603025","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W1946323491","https://openalex.org/W1980501707","https://openalex.org/W1992018127","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099454382","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2119498311","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2147414309","https://openalex.org/W2158592639","https://openalex.org/W2168046285","https://openalex.org/W2179234838","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2214478205","https://openalex.org/W2440599146","https://openalex.org/W2469885745","https://openalex.org/W2479224401","https://openalex.org/W2513863019","https://openalex.org/W2520775273","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2607914278","https://openalex.org/W2612634114","https://openalex.org/W2743635406","https://openalex.org/W2766742395","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2774431873","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2798869704","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2810417023","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2896206046","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2948566648","https://openalex.org/W2948657385","https://openalex.org/W2953961724","https://openalex.org/W2963113370","https://openalex.org/W2963212406","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963596856","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W2964050365","https://openalex.org/W2990257819","https://openalex.org/W3111875476","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4375839990","https://openalex.org/W6681239517","https://openalex.org/W6729059855","https://openalex.org/W6764733053","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2915754718","https://openalex.org/W4299822940","https://openalex.org/W2279398222","https://openalex.org/W2810053714","https://openalex.org/W4225852842","https://openalex.org/W3136979370","https://openalex.org/W3000866861","https://openalex.org/W4288040045","https://openalex.org/W2791691546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Class":[0],"imbalance":[1,171,215],"is":[2,55,132],"a":[3,53,70,122,148],"prevalent":[4],"phenomenon":[5],"in":[6,61,121,182],"various":[7,49],"real-world":[8],"applications":[9],"and":[10,89,114,162,202,204],"it":[11],"presents":[12],"significant":[13,208],"challenges":[14],"to":[15,35,94,110,146,176],"model":[16],"learning,":[17],"including":[18],"deep":[19,30,214],"learning.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"work,":[23],"we":[24,68],"embed":[25],"ensemble":[26,42,135],"learning":[27,39,172,216],"into":[28],"the":[29,37,59,77,80,85,97,116,129,134,143,160,166,174,178,205,212],"convolutional":[31],"neural":[32,179],"networks":[33],"(CNNs)":[34],"tackle":[36],"class-imbalanced":[38,185],"problem.":[40],"An":[41],"of":[43,52,118,128,136,168,173,196],"auxiliary":[44,92,137],"classifiers":[45,93,138],"branching":[46],"out":[47],"from":[48],"hidden":[50,87],"layers":[51,88,109,120],"CNN":[54,60,145,161,175],"trained":[56],"together":[57,141],"with":[58,142,184],"an":[62],"end-to-end":[63],"manner.":[64,124],"To":[65],"that":[66,74,99,133],"end,":[67],"designed":[69],"new":[71,130],"loss":[72],"function":[73],"can":[75,139,154],"rectify":[76],"bias":[78],"toward":[79],"majority":[81],"classes":[82],"by":[83,103],"forcing":[84],"CNN's":[86],"its":[90],"associated":[91],"focus":[95],"on":[96,191],"samples":[98],"have":[100],"been":[101],"misclassified":[102],"previous":[104,119],"layers,":[105],"thus":[106,163],"enabling":[107],"subsequent":[108],"develop":[111],"diverse":[112],"behavior":[113],"fix":[115],"errors":[117],"batch-wise":[123],"A":[125],"unique":[126],"feature":[127],"method":[131],"work":[140],"main":[144],"form":[147],"more":[149],"powerful":[150],"combined":[151],"classifier,":[152],"or":[153],"be":[155],"removed":[156],"after":[157],"finished":[158],"training":[159],"only":[164],"acting":[165],"role":[167],"assisting":[169],"class":[170],"enhance":[177],"network's":[180],"capability":[181],"dealing":[183],"data.":[186],"Comprehensive":[187],"experiments":[188],"are":[189],"conducted":[190],"four":[192],"benchmark":[193],"data":[194],"sets":[195],"increasing":[197],"complexity":[198],"(CIFAR-10,":[199],"CIFAR-100,":[200],"iNaturalist,":[201],"CelebA)":[203],"results":[206],"demonstrate":[207],"performance":[209],"improvements":[210],"over":[211],"state-of-the-art":[213],"methods.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
