{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152922554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","title":"Continuation Multiple Instance Learning for Weakly and Fully Supervised Object Detection","display_name":"Continuation Multiple Instance Learning for Weakly and Fully Supervised Object Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152922554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","mag":"3152922554","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33861707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015317495","display_name":"Qixiang Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qixiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-6259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052317536","display_name":"Fang Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-9257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-9257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633842","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-0646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-0646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028597017","display_name":"Qingming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-296X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-296X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401174","display_name":"Xiangyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86880074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"10","first_page":"5452","last_page":"5466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.7927947044372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuation","display_name":"Continuation","score":0.6775327324867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.6390479803085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6176405549049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6107459664344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5952221155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5926297307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4647694230079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4601514935493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3950122594833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3734251856803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3408135771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3261224329471588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2819860577583313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.7927947044372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88626702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128903","display_name":"Continuation","level":2,"score":0.6775327324867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6390479803085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6176405549049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6107459664344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5952221155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5926297307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4647694230079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4601514935493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3950122594833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3734251856803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3408135771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3261224329471588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2819860577583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3070801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33861707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33861707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1295000622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61836012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1449094659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61620106005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2088458048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8707947950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1002202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W318792885","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1517575592","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1607862333","https://openalex.org/W1667249920","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1934621328","https://openalex.org/W1972010412","https://openalex.org/W2016016818","https://openalex.org/W2020477327","https://openalex.org/W2022148047","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2050270365","https://openalex.org/W2054535252","https://openalex.org/W2061629163","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2088986191","https://openalex.org/W2098000549","https://openalex.org/W2101104841","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106841609","https://openalex.org/W2109326754","https://openalex.org/W2124404372","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2154318594","https://openalex.org/W2176412452","https://openalex.org/W2186590998","https://openalex.org/W2186827065","https://openalex.org/W2248800885","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2441255125","https://openalex.org/W2519284461","https://openalex.org/W2551693289","https://openalex.org/W2559348937","https://openalex.org/W2604260814","https://openalex.org/W2606831796","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2797826601","https://openalex.org/W2798748179","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2884195989","https://openalex.org/W2886904239","https://openalex.org/W2895236117","https://openalex.org/W2914438239","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2952072685","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963603913","https://openalex.org/W2963952323","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2990400263","https://openalex.org/W2991533779","https://openalex.org/W2991662170","https://openalex.org/W2994041372","https://openalex.org/W3008354258","https://openalex.org/W3093329015","https://openalex.org/W3102701618","https://openalex.org/W6683033130","https://openalex.org/W6685562342","https://openalex.org/W6729595453","https://openalex.org/W6753280777","https://openalex.org/W6780073123","https://openalex.org/W6977541126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375684291","https://openalex.org/W2354676191","https://openalex.org/W3188646203","https://openalex.org/W2909957174","https://openalex.org/W4246278799","https://openalex.org/W136674370","https://openalex.org/W2105527480","https://openalex.org/W2052387497","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly":[0],"supervised":[1,183],"object":[2,13,17,51,56,159,184],"detection":[3,185,191],"(WSOD)":[4],"is":[5,179],"a":[6,84,106,119,138,173,194],"challenging":[7],"task":[8],"that":[9,29],"requires":[10],"simultaneously":[11],"learning":[12,33,157],"detectors":[14],"and":[15,96,100,155],"estimating":[16],"locations":[18],"under":[19],"the":[20,76,80,114,146,164,190],"supervision":[21],"of":[22,108,166],"image":[23],"category":[24],"labels.":[25],"Many":[26],"WSOD":[27],"methods":[28],"adopt":[30],"multiple":[31],"instance":[32,134,175],"(MIL)":[34],"have":[35],"nonconvex":[36],"objective":[37,103,110],"functions":[38,111,144],"and,":[39],"therefore,":[40],"are":[41],"prone":[42],"to":[43,78,122,130,133,182,186],"get":[44],"stuck":[45],"in":[46,83,137],"local":[47,153],"minima":[48,154],"(falsely":[49],"localize":[50],"parts)":[52],"while":[53],"missing":[54],"full":[55,158],"extent":[57],"during":[58],"training.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,89],"article,":[62],"we":[63,91],"introduce":[64],"classical":[65],"continuation":[66,72,124],"optimization":[67],"into":[68,94,152],"MIL,":[69],"thereby":[70],"creating":[71],"MIL":[73,170],"(C-MIL)":[74],"with":[75,105,193],"aim":[77],"alleviate":[79],"nonconvexity":[81],"problem":[82],"systematic":[85],"way.":[86],"To":[87],"fulfill":[88],"purpose,":[90],"partition":[92],"instances":[93],"class-related":[95],"spatially":[97],"related":[98],"subsets":[99],"approximate":[101],"MIL's":[102],"function":[104],"series":[107],"smoothed":[109,142],"defined":[112],"within":[113],"subsets.":[115],"We":[116],"further":[117],"propose":[118],"parametric":[120],"strategy":[121],"implement":[123],"smooth":[125],"functions,":[126],"which":[127],"enables":[128],"C-MIL":[129,178],"be":[131],"applied":[132,181],"selection":[135,176],"tasks":[136],"uniform":[139],"manner.":[140],"Optimizing":[141],"loss":[143],"prevents":[145],"training":[147],"procedure":[148],"from":[149],"falling":[150],"prematurely":[151],"facilities":[156],"extent.":[160],"Extensive":[161],"experiments":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"superiority":[165],"CMIL":[167],"over":[168],"conventional":[169],"methods.":[171],"As":[172],"general":[174],"method,":[177],"also":[180],"optimize":[187],"anchors/features,":[188],"improving":[189],"performance":[192],"significant":[195],"margin.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}