{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128073964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","title":"Temporal Encoding and Multispike Learning Framework for Efficient Recognition of Visual Patterns","display_name":"Temporal Encoding and Multispike Learning Framework for Efficient Recognition of Visual Patterns","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128073964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","mag":"3128073964","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33531306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717174","display_name":"Qiang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0695-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101933381","display_name":"Shiming Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiming Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033914326","display_name":"Chenxiang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-7571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027428789","display_name":"Jianguo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-9759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I290007724","display_name":"Qinghai University for Nationalities","ror":"https://ror.org/01e7csr82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I290007724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","School of Computer Science, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Qinghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Qinghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I290007724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055627037","display_name":"Shengyong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025285243","display_name":"Kay Chen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Chen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100717174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3155,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79465906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"8","first_page":"3387","last_page":"3399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8041209578514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7723907232284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7054222822189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6220712661743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5352640151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.4925006330013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45089980959892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.42524927854537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4172348380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38289064168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3699341416358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3518741726875305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8041209578514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7723907232284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7054222822189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6220712661743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5352640151977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.4925006330013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45089980959892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.42524927854537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4172348380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38289064168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3699341416358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3518741726875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3052804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33531306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33531306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1592249304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62020106004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2038157767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2540952836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU11209219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4852426700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18JCYBJC41700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5012902116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU11202418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5370040448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92048301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8894100606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61806139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1978306818","https://openalex.org/W1994197834","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2006581331","https://openalex.org/W2020676607","https://openalex.org/W2037030438","https://openalex.org/W2074589580","https://openalex.org/W2079995124","https://openalex.org/W2089316513","https://openalex.org/W2109596721","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2117761613","https://openalex.org/W2130974072","https://openalex.org/W2132172482","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2144982973","https://openalex.org/W2155377787","https://openalex.org/W2158766867","https://openalex.org/W2162003043","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2260550436","https://openalex.org/W2290982066","https://openalex.org/W2440756100","https://openalex.org/W2468443503","https://openalex.org/W2604594744","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2791779647","https://openalex.org/W2794803964","https://openalex.org/W2802748234","https://openalex.org/W2806066966","https://openalex.org/W2808594940","https://openalex.org/W2892077605","https://openalex.org/W2905533880","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2944910788","https://openalex.org/W2945485370","https://openalex.org/W2963335874","https://openalex.org/W2964035021","https://openalex.org/W2976176360","https://openalex.org/W2981101011","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W3012762803","https://openalex.org/W3022209239","https://openalex.org/W3022627268","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W6600187980","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684738955","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6891838726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281699635","https://openalex.org/W4321472116","https://openalex.org/W3202619090","https://openalex.org/W3102040318","https://openalex.org/W4287724471","https://openalex.org/W4386227043","https://openalex.org/W3214713078","https://openalex.org/W2786930404","https://openalex.org/W3161396968","https://openalex.org/W3035000326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biological":[0],"systems":[1],"under":[2,165],"a":[3,44,56,91,123,131,190,209,245],"parallel":[4],"and":[5,15,33,47,77,100,109,163,173,182,213,235,257,266],"spike-based":[6,38],"computation":[7],"endow":[8],"individuals":[9],"with":[10,90,106,147,170,208],"abilities":[11],"to":[12,18,29,34,102,125,196,203,222,228,244,255,268],"have":[13,25],"prompt":[14],"reliable":[16],"responses":[17],"different":[19],"stimuli.":[20],"Spiking":[21],"neural":[22],"networks":[23],"(SNNs)":[24],"thus":[26],"been":[27],"developed":[28,152],"emulate":[30],"their":[31,127],"efficiency":[32,108,137],"explore":[35],"principles":[36],"of":[37,43,71,156,161,185,192,217,232,238,263],"processing.":[39],"However,":[40],"the":[41,85,119,136,139,148,171,180,224,229,239,261],"design":[42],"biologically":[45],"plausible":[46],"efficient":[48,154,181],"SNN":[49,105],"for":[50,153],"image":[51,233],"classification":[52],"still":[53],"remains":[54],"as":[55],"challenging":[57,230],"task.":[58],"Previous":[59],"efforts":[60,271],"can":[61],"be":[62,252],"generally":[63],"clustered":[64],"into":[65],"two":[66],"major":[67],"categories":[68],"in":[69,95,122,241,260],"terms":[70],"coding":[72],"schemes":[73,81],"being":[74,111],"employed:":[75],"rate":[76],"temporal.":[78],"The":[79,248],"rate-based":[80,204],"suffer":[82],"inefficiency,":[83],"whereas":[84],"temporal-based":[86,120,144,187,242],"ones":[87,205],"typically":[88],"end":[89],"relatively":[92],"poor":[93],"performance":[94,129,184],"accuracy.":[96],"It":[97],"is":[98,151],"intriguing":[99],"important":[101],"develop":[103],"an":[104],"both":[107],"efficacy":[110],"considered.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"article,":[115],"we":[116],"focus":[117],"on":[118,138],"approaches":[121,160,188,243],"way":[124],"advance":[126],"accuracy":[128],"by":[130],"great":[132],"margin":[133],"while":[134],"keeping":[135],"other":[140],"hand.":[141],"A":[142],"new":[143],"framework":[145,167],"integrated":[146],"multispike":[149,226],"learning":[150,164,227],"recognition":[155,234],"visual":[157],"patterns.":[158],"Different":[159],"encoding":[162],"our":[166,186],"are":[168,200],"evaluated":[169],"MNIST":[172],"Fashion-MNIST":[174],"data":[175],"sets.":[176],"Experimental":[177],"results":[178,250],"demonstrate":[179],"effective":[183],"across":[189],"variety":[191],"conditions,":[193],"improving":[194],"accuracies":[195],"higher":[197],"levels":[198],"that":[199],"even":[201],"comparable":[202],"but":[206],"importantly":[207],"lighter":[210],"network":[211],"structure":[212],"far":[214],"less":[215],"number":[216],"spikes.":[218],"This":[219],"article":[220],"attempts":[221],"extend":[223],"advanced":[225],"task":[231],"bring":[236],"state":[237],"arts":[240],"novel":[246],"level.":[247],"experimental":[249],"could":[251],"potentially":[253],"favorable":[254],"low-power":[256],"high-speed":[258],"requirements":[259],"field":[262],"artificial":[264],"intelligence":[265],"contribute":[267],"attract":[269],"more":[270],"toward":[272],"brain-like":[273],"computing.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
