{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124226664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","title":"DNN-<i>k</i>WTA With Bounded Random Offset Voltage Drifts in Threshold Logic Units","display_name":"DNN-<i>k</i>WTA With Bounded Random Offset Voltage Drifts in Threshold Logic Units","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124226664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","mag":"3124226664","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030366997","display_name":"Wenhao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-2400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-2400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056482307","display_name":"Chi-Sing Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-6723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Sing Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-6723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043836511","display_name":"John Sum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Sum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730000","display_name":"Yi Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-994X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-994X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7315846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"7","first_page":"3184","last_page":"3192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6979168057441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6906149387359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6437786221504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5228241682052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5211936831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5123614072799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48227718472480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.4614642262458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4609238803386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39181652665138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15661188960075378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6979168057441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6906149387359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6437786221504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5228241682052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5211936831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5123614072799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48227718472480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4614642262458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4609238803386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39181652665138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15661188960075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2021.3050493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33513113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7676640774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7005223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85705245","https://openalex.org/W2034877773","https://openalex.org/W2047665380","https://openalex.org/W2052713852","https://openalex.org/W2061470780","https://openalex.org/W2065894561","https://openalex.org/W2100632728","https://openalex.org/W2101927907","https://openalex.org/W2126584836","https://openalex.org/W2135455255","https://openalex.org/W2139016795","https://openalex.org/W2153119881","https://openalex.org/W2155816520","https://openalex.org/W2164970287","https://openalex.org/W2168974425","https://openalex.org/W2197242374","https://openalex.org/W2260926261","https://openalex.org/W2507480393","https://openalex.org/W2523923230","https://openalex.org/W2582212316","https://openalex.org/W2587243229","https://openalex.org/W2766289954","https://openalex.org/W2884308096","https://openalex.org/W2901446873","https://openalex.org/W2950370550","https://openalex.org/W2963138909","https://openalex.org/W3005029660","https://openalex.org/W4301028492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W1590965489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138,184,229],"dual":[1],"neural":[2,22],"network-based":[3],"<inline-formula":[4,12,30,39,70,99,129,164,177,244],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[5,13,31,40,71,100,130,165,178,245],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[6,14,32,41,72,101,131,166,179,246],"<tex-math":[7,15,33,42,73,102,132,167,180,247],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$k$":[8,16,34,74,133,168,248],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[9,17,35,44,75,105,134,169,182,249],"-winner-take-all":[10],"(DNN-":[11],"WTA)":[18],"is":[19,25,107,149,174],"an":[20,235],"analog":[21],"model":[23],"that":[24,81,92,123,158,161],"used":[26],"to":[27,141,203,258],"identify":[28],"the":[29,55,64,94,118,124,146,159,190,196,205,221,226,238,242],"largest":[36],"numbers":[37],"from":[38],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$n$":[43],"inputs.":[45],"Since":[46],"threshold":[47],"logic":[48],"units":[49],"(TLUs)":[50],"are":[51,187],"key":[52],"elements":[53],"in":[54,60,83],"model,":[56],"offset":[57],"voltage":[58],"drifts":[59,82],"TLUs":[61,84],"may":[62],"affect":[63],"operational":[65,239],"correctness":[66],"of":[67,126,225,241],"a":[68,127,143,162,201,210],"DNN-":[69,128,163,243],"WTA":[76,135,170,250],"network.":[77],"Previous":[78],"studies":[79],"assume":[80],"follow":[85],"some":[86],"particular":[87],"distributions.":[88],"This":[89],"brief":[90],"considers":[91],"only":[93],"drift":[95,112],"range,":[96],"given":[97,211],"by":[98],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$[-\\Delta,":[103],"\\Delta]$":[104],",":[106],"available.":[108],"We":[109],"consider":[110],"two":[111],"cases:":[113],"time-invariant":[114,119,197],"and":[115,223],"time-varying.":[116],"For":[117,214],"case,":[120,198],"we":[121,156,199,218],"show":[122],"state":[125],"network":[136,144,171],"converges.":[137],"sufficient":[139],"condition":[140],"make":[142],"with":[145],"correct":[147],"operation":[148],"given.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"for":[152,189,195,209],"uniformly":[153,215],"distributed":[154,216],"inputs,":[155,217],"prove":[157],"probability":[160],"operates":[172],"properly":[173],"greater":[175],"than":[176],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$(1-2\\Delta)^{n}$":[181],".":[183],"aforementioned":[185],"results":[186,232],"generalized":[188],"time-varying":[191],"case.":[192],"In":[193],"addition,":[194],"derive":[200,220],"method":[202],"compute":[204],"exact":[206],"convergence":[207,227,230],"time":[208,231],"data":[212],"set.":[213],"further":[219],"mean":[222],"variance":[224],"time.":[228],"give":[233],"us":[234],"idea":[236],"about":[237],"speed":[240],"model.":[251],"Finally,":[252],"simulation":[253],"experiments":[254],"have":[255],"been":[256],"conducted":[257],"validate":[259],"those":[260],"theoretical":[261],"results.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}