{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011462663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","title":"A Survey of End-to-End Driving: Architectures and Training Methods","display_name":"A Survey of End-to-End Driving: Architectures and Training Methods","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011462663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","mag":"3011462663","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06404","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001478172","display_name":"Ardi Tampuu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2120-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ardi Tampuu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2120-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026416117","display_name":"Tambet Matiisen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-1580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tambet Matiisen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-1580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053526028","display_name":"Maksym Semikin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maksym Semikin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031942854","display_name":"Dmytro Fishman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-8893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmytro Fishman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101524454","display_name":"Naveed Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-1965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-1965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001478172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.3765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":262,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98873781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1364","last_page":"1384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.8805303573608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7790815830230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6634006500244141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.634904146194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6063712239265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4834078848361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.48129621148109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.46389177441596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4187215268611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.342987060546875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.8805303573608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7790815830230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6634006500244141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.634904146194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6063712239265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4834078848361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.48129621148109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.46389177441596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4187215268611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.342987060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3043505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33373304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.06404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06404","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06404","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.06404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06404","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06404","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":220,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132915433","https://openalex.org/W1495420918","https://openalex.org/W1504992226","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1527702126","https://openalex.org/W1568049844","https://openalex.org/W1655385969","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1766594731","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1789187189","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1855113498","https://openalex.org/W1882958252","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1986014385","https://openalex.org/W1987308763","https://openalex.org/W2017031798","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2032712781","https://openalex.org/W2055207897","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067562626","https://openalex.org/W2091537908","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2112930335","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2132400125","https://openalex.org/W2133233905","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2144304287","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2151206436","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2165776394","https://openalex.org/W2167224731","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2201581102","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2328067583","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2343568200","https://openalex.org/W2396217537","https://openalex.org/W2483814582","https://openalex.org/W2505763307","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2530849036","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2558027072","https://openalex.org/W2558232109","https://openalex.org/W2559767995","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2583993537","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2605592331","https://openalex.org/W2606508169","https://openalex.org/W2611430843","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2727840223","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2739215394","https://openalex.org/W2739529772","https://openalex.org/W2740520864","https://openalex.org/W2767263766","https://openalex.org/W2767621168","https://openalex.org/W2769312834","https://openalex.org/W2772709170","https://openalex.org/W2773523653","https://openalex.org/W2783963507","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2794258351","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2798873012","https://openalex.org/W2798965597","https://openalex.org/W2799017078","https://openalex.org/W2799352588","https://openalex.org/W2806163172","https://openalex.org/W2837605352","https://openalex.org/W2874800706","https://openalex.org/W2885138528","https://openalex.org/W2887286974","https://openalex.org/W2889977670","https://openalex.org/W2890235476","https://openalex.org/W2897025488","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2898900571","https://openalex.org/W2902855213","https://openalex.org/W2904485400","https://openalex.org/W2905173465","https://openalex.org/W2914821954","https://openalex.org/W2924268550","https://openalex.org/W2925148167","https://openalex.org/W2937814560","https://openalex.org/W2945577597","https://openalex.org/W2947630374","https://openalex.org/W2948153973","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2953303875","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2962696750","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962894046","https://openalex.org/W2962957031","https://openalex.org/W2962977206","https://openalex.org/W2963016445","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963184124","https://openalex.org/W2963195425","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963338863","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963715038","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2963727600","https://openalex.org/W2963808661","https://openalex.org/W2963826681","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964003311","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2967081385","https://openalex.org/W2967740791","https://openalex.org/W2967975754","https://openalex.org/W2968008415","https://openalex.org/W2968095971","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2968983352","https://openalex.org/W2975059944","https://openalex.org/W2982316857","https://openalex.org/W2982419388","https://openalex.org/W2989897153","https://openalex.org/W2990243143","https://openalex.org/W2990881695","https://openalex.org/W2992742966","https://openalex.org/W2995681297","https://openalex.org/W2996037775","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W3008115128","https://openalex.org/W3009593063","https://openalex.org/W3013577831","https://openalex.org/W3016101116","https://openalex.org/W3028831193","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035498040","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3037583715","https://openalex.org/W3089594962","https://openalex.org/W3090153548","https://openalex.org/W3091155238","https://openalex.org/W3100944043","https://openalex.org/W3102597561","https://openalex.org/W4214510029","https://openalex.org/W4244121239","https://openalex.org/W4288407465","https://openalex.org/W4293682399","https://openalex.org/W4295719664","https://openalex.org/W4299805595","https://openalex.org/W4300167295","https://openalex.org/W4300172425","https://openalex.org/W4301235097","https://openalex.org/W4301501993","https://openalex.org/W4378767342","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6639480849","https://openalex.org/W6640174482","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6679847170","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6684338915","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6687681856","https://openalex.org/W6704559304","https://openalex.org/W6712453370","https://openalex.org/W6722063826","https://openalex.org/W6728155968","https://openalex.org/W6730402787","https://openalex.org/W6734074887","https://openalex.org/W6737454590","https://openalex.org/W6738549535","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6741844280","https://openalex.org/W6745178058","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6746177919","https://openalex.org/W6746696776","https://openalex.org/W6752781648","https://openalex.org/W6755053738","https://openalex.org/W6755864109","https://openalex.org/W6756381484","https://openalex.org/W6760710844","https://openalex.org/W6760782946","https://openalex.org/W6761988744","https://openalex.org/W6763392207","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6770852102","https://openalex.org/W6771352390","https://openalex.org/W6771941581","https://openalex.org/W6772033386","https://openalex.org/W6773814321","https://openalex.org/W6776110894","https://openalex.org/W6779371956","https://openalex.org/W6891937993","https://openalex.org/W7033776453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4299590256","https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W3163634122","https://openalex.org/W2110442089","https://openalex.org/W2919182614","https://openalex.org/W2166381389","https://openalex.org/W4393280045","https://openalex.org/W2054736184","https://openalex.org/W3159728998","https://openalex.org/W2677083173"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1,19,50,75,115],"is":[2,52],"of":[3,13,29,95,111],"great":[4],"interest":[5],"to":[6],"industry":[7],"and":[8,65,70,78],"academia":[9],"alike.":[10],"The":[11],"use":[12],"machine":[14],"learning":[15,62],"approaches":[16,43],"for":[17,44,87],"autonomous":[18,45,114],"has":[20],"long":[21],"been":[22],"studied,":[23],"but":[24],"mostly":[25],"in":[26,73],"the":[27,40,48,61,100,107,112],"context":[28],"perception.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,88],"article,":[33],"we":[34,98],"take":[35],"a":[36,55,92],"deeper":[37],"look":[38],"on":[39],"so-called":[41],"end-to-end":[42,74,113],"driving,":[46],"where":[47],"entire":[49],"pipeline":[51],"replaced":[53],"with":[54,102],"single":[56],"neural":[57],"network.":[58],"We":[59],"review":[60,101],"methods,":[63,97],"input":[64],"output":[66],"modalities,":[67],"network":[68],"architectures,":[69],"evaluation":[71],"schemes":[72],"literature.":[76],"Interpretability":[77],"safety":[79],"are":[80],"discussed":[81],"separately,":[82],"as":[83],"they":[84],"remain":[85],"challenging":[86],"approach.":[89],"Beyond":[90],"providing":[91],"comprehensive":[93],"overview":[94],"existing":[96],"conclude":[99],"an":[103],"architecture":[104],"that":[105],"combines":[106],"most":[108],"promising":[109],"elements":[110],"systems.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
