{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113299742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","title":"Looking Closer at the Scene: Multiscale Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification","display_name":"Looking Closer at the Scene: Multiscale Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113299742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","mag":"3113299742","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341321","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7028-4956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064832662","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-3126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022524675","display_name":"Zhitong Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitong Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943753","display_name":"Xuelong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-946X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuelong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Optical Imagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100341321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.16,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99295882,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1414","last_page":"1428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7979399561882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6586158275604248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6532832980155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.58026123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5491981506347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5383601784706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5278118848800659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4674362242221832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4458073079586029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.43727079033851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40597277879714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33966630697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21034669876098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11942458152770996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7979399561882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6586158275604248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6532832980155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.58026123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5491981506347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5383601784706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5278118848800659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4674362242221832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4458073079586029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.43727079033851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40597277879714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33966630697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21034669876098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11942458152770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3042276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33332278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3196644182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1864204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G420612141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1801262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4820425477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8046557032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258213556","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1560922506","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1958291604","https://openalex.org/W1963500125","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W1989316905","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2006603039","https://openalex.org/W2020912318","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2067178723","https://openalex.org/W2073201137","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098642880","https://openalex.org/W2098676252","https://openalex.org/W2099528205","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2241460726","https://openalex.org/W2253590344","https://openalex.org/W2341018344","https://openalex.org/W2347115704","https://openalex.org/W2411876745","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2533228971","https://openalex.org/W2572591920","https://openalex.org/W2592407342","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2607558879","https://openalex.org/W2620429297","https://openalex.org/W2620858446","https://openalex.org/W2621526417","https://openalex.org/W2727875856","https://openalex.org/W2737725206","https://openalex.org/W2763822693","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2779054585","https://openalex.org/W2783165089","https://openalex.org/W2787070260","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2829067510","https://openalex.org/W2883982921","https://openalex.org/W2888527098","https://openalex.org/W2890732922","https://openalex.org/W2940939359","https://openalex.org/W2954345245","https://openalex.org/W2962217138","https://openalex.org/W2963603913","https://openalex.org/W2984719838","https://openalex.org/W2986534680","https://openalex.org/W2996836954","https://openalex.org/W3019448917","https://openalex.org/W3027542479","https://openalex.org/W3100245404","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6731833559","https://openalex.org/W6759421164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W2963346891","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856","https://openalex.org/W3010730661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,37,165],"image":[2,91,108,166],"scene":[3,21,56,167],"classification":[4,22,45,168],"has":[5,68],"attracted":[6],"great":[7],"attention":[8],"because":[9],"of":[10,30,43,71,120,139],"its":[11],"wide":[12],"applications.":[13],"Although":[14],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16],"network":[17],"(CNN)-based":[18],"methods":[19],"for":[20,55],"have":[23],"achieved":[24],"excellent":[25],"results,":[26],"the":[27,31,40,44,72,82,89,93,101,106,131,137,140,173,178],"large-scale":[28],"variation":[29],"features":[32,84,87],"and":[33,75,85,92,159,171],"objects":[34],"in":[35,105,186],"remote":[36,164],"images":[38],"limits":[39],"further":[41],"improvement":[42],"performance.":[46],"To":[47,135],"address":[48],"this":[49],"issue,":[50],"we":[51,145],"present":[52],"multiscale":[53],"representation":[54],"classification,":[57],"which":[58,78],"is":[59,126],"realized":[60],"by":[61],"a":[62,113],"global-local":[63],"two-stream":[64,143],"architecture.":[65],"This":[66],"architecture":[67],"two":[69,133],"branches":[70],"global":[73,83],"stream":[74],"local":[76,86],"stream,":[77],"can":[79],"individually":[80],"extract":[81],"from":[88],"whole":[90,107],"most":[94,102],"important":[95,103],"area.":[96],"In":[97],"order":[98],"to":[99,129],"locate":[100],"area":[104,117,123],"using":[109],"only":[110],"image-level":[111],"labels,":[112],"weakly":[114],"supervised":[115],"key":[116,122],"detection":[118],"strategy":[119],"structured":[121],"localization":[124],"(SKAL)":[125],"specially":[127],"designed":[128],"connect":[130],"above":[132],"streams.":[134],"verify":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"proposed":[141],"SKAL-based":[142],"architecture,":[144],"conduct":[146],"comparative":[147],"experiments":[148],"based":[149],"on":[150,161,176],"three":[151],"widely":[152],"used":[153],"CNN":[154],"models,":[155],"including":[156],"AlexNet,":[157],"GoogleNet,":[158],"ResNet18,":[160],"four":[162,179],"public":[163],"data":[169,180],"sets,":[170],"achieve":[172],"state-of-the-art":[174],"results":[175],"all":[177],"sets.":[181],"Our":[182],"codes":[183],"are":[184],"provided":[185],"https://github.com/hw2hwei/SKAL.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
