{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080980548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","title":"Deep Learning for LiDAR Point Clouds in Autonomous Driving: A Review","display_name":"Deep Learning for LiDAR Point Clouds in Autonomous Driving: A Review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080980548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","mag":"3080980548","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414383","display_name":"Ying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-9619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-9619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032270954","display_name":"Lingfei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8893-9693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8893-9693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073939201","display_name":"Zilong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-9116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-9116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101783051","display_name":"Fei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0266-6896"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xilinx Technology Beijing, Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xilinx Technology Beijing, Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076765712","display_name":"Michael A. Chapman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-0606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Chapman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031991761","display_name":"Dongpu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-4336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongpu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waterloo Cognitive Autonomous Driving Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-4336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waterloo Cognitive Autonomous Driving Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613889","display_name":"Jonathan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-0049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-0049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.6571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":575,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99742079,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"3412","last_page":"3432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8126596212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7778733372688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7077474594116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6599529981613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6262308359146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6187923550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5802960395812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5599808096885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5537013411521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milestone","display_name":"Milestone","score":0.5470796227455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.47582271695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47368931770324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.43530622124671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41164731979370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36122679710388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32449352741241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2369287610054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.13221019506454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12781646847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10236942768096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.077614426612854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8126596212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7778733372688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7077474594116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6599529981613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6262308359146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6187923550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5802960395812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5599808096885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5537013411521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120060458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10145","display_name":"Milestone","level":2,"score":0.5470796227455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47582271695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47368931770324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.43530622124671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41164731979370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36122679710388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32449352741241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2369287610054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.13221019506454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12781646847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10236942768096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.077614426612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3015992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32822311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2741468519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50503-10284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":178,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W155419516","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1644641054","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1920022804","https://openalex.org/W1986473362","https://openalex.org/W1986522259","https://openalex.org/W1988317275","https://openalex.org/W1992855374","https://openalex.org/W2007326328","https://openalex.org/W2022394120","https://openalex.org/W2027710719","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2041642242","https://openalex.org/W2055404495","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2137917541","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2159213092","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2293349265","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2415454270","https://openalex.org/W2439667875","https://openalex.org/W2546066744","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2556802233","https://openalex.org/W2558027072","https://openalex.org/W2558294288","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2565516711","https://openalex.org/W2579619067","https://openalex.org/W2603429625","https://openalex.org/W2604249033","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606202972","https://openalex.org/W2608369674","https://openalex.org/W2609077090","https://openalex.org/W2609719703","https://openalex.org/W2609946960","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2614059183","https://openalex.org/W2616343321","https://openalex.org/W2618136105","https://openalex.org/W2652456742","https://openalex.org/W2738952127","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2764313696","https://openalex.org/W2766690012","https://openalex.org/W2769284350","https://openalex.org/W2769312834","https://openalex.org/W2777961969","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2785686138","https://openalex.org/W2785825007","https://openalex.org/W2788158258","https://openalex.org/W2791763440","https://openalex.org/W2792919579","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2794321690","https://openalex.org/W2795014656","https://openalex.org/W2797650883","https://openalex.org/W2798270772","https://openalex.org/W2798777114","https://openalex.org/W2798965597","https://openalex.org/W2799123546","https://openalex.org/W2800306924","https://openalex.org/W2800466466","https://openalex.org/W2803937221","https://openalex.org/W2804191634","https://openalex.org/W2812373594","https://openalex.org/W2849000462","https://openalex.org/W2872491670","https://openalex.org/W2883357174","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2885482233","https://openalex.org/W2887121482","https://openalex.org/W2888486794","https://openalex.org/W2888754481","https://openalex.org/W2890715498","https://openalex.org/W2890974097","https://openalex.org/W2893333163","https://openalex.org/W2894703649","https://openalex.org/W2894705404","https://openalex.org/W2900757266","https://openalex.org/W2902218628","https://openalex.org/W2902302021","https://openalex.org/W2904140919","https://openalex.org/W2907846414","https://openalex.org/W2907965334","https://openalex.org/W2909765569","https://openalex.org/W2911486422","https://openalex.org/W2912564337","https://openalex.org/W2913972737","https://openalex.org/W2914608630","https://openalex.org/W2914821954","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962731536","https://openalex.org/W2962888833","https://openalex.org/W2962912109","https://openalex.org/W2962928871","https://openalex.org/W2962941647","https://openalex.org/W2963083779","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963158438","https://openalex.org/W2963226018","https://openalex.org/W2963281829","https://openalex.org/W2963292632","https://openalex.org/W2963333168","https://openalex.org/W2963397183","https://openalex.org/W2963400571","https://openalex.org/W2963438049","https://openalex.org/W2963509914","https://openalex.org/W2963517242","https://openalex.org/W2963527880","https://openalex.org/W2963632978","https://openalex.org/W2963640720","https://openalex.org/W2963706542","https://openalex.org/W2963719584","https://openalex.org/W2963721253","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2963809933","https://openalex.org/W2963830382","https://openalex.org/W2963858333","https://openalex.org/W2963926543","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964332807","https://openalex.org/W2964342398","https://openalex.org/W2967896598","https://openalex.org/W2976081675","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2981199548","https://openalex.org/W2988715931","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W3040318838","https://openalex.org/W3117804044","https://openalex.org/W3124633807","https://openalex.org/W4293509836","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4300124531","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640300118","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6703529473","https://openalex.org/W6729001083","https://openalex.org/W6736894448","https://openalex.org/W6737309142","https://openalex.org/W6738548493","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6747904511","https://openalex.org/W6750943524","https://openalex.org/W6751597965","https://openalex.org/W6754632766","https://openalex.org/W6754681832","https://openalex.org/W6754827684","https://openalex.org/W6756751353","https://openalex.org/W6757199795","https://openalex.org/W6757855356","https://openalex.org/W6758684284","https://openalex.org/W6758691723","https://openalex.org/W6789519889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387878404","https://openalex.org/W3140574787","https://openalex.org/W2561695978","https://openalex.org/W1950486549","https://openalex.org/W3133583653","https://openalex.org/W2584040191","https://openalex.org/W2990251955","https://openalex.org/W2064167013","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,21,106,114,125,135,140,158,164],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,23,51,108],"deep":[4,138],"learning":[5,10],"(DL)":[6],"in":[7,20,57,65,83,97,116,124,131,144],"discriminative":[8],"feature":[9],"from":[11],"3-D":[12,34,137,145],"LiDAR":[13,58,98],"data":[14,153],"has":[15],"led":[16],"to":[17,89,112],"rapid":[18],"development":[19],"field":[22],"autonomous":[24,66,87,102],"driving.":[25],"However,":[26],"automated":[27],"processing":[28],"uneven,":[29],"unstructured,":[30],"noisy,":[31],"and":[32,40,72,150,157,167],"massive":[33],"point":[35,59,99],"clouds":[36,100],"are":[37,129],"a":[38,48],"challenging":[39],"tedious":[41],"task.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44,109,117,132],"article,":[45],"we":[46,162],"provide":[47],"systematic":[49],"review":[50],"existing":[52],"compelling":[53],"DL":[54,95,142],"architectures":[55],"applied":[56,96],"clouds,":[60],"detailing":[61],"for":[62,86,101],"specific":[63,81,152],"tasks":[64],"driving,":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69],"segmentation,":[70,147],"detection,":[71,149],"classification.":[73],"Although":[74],"several":[75],"published":[76],"research":[77],"articles":[78],"focus":[79],"on":[80,94],"topics":[82],"computer":[84],"vision":[85],"vehicles,":[88],"date,":[90],"no":[91],"general":[92],"survey":[93],"vehicles":[103],"exists.":[104],"Thus,":[105],"goal":[107],"article":[110],"is":[111],"narrow":[113],"gap":[115],"topic.":[118],"More":[119],"than":[120],"140":[121],"key":[122],"contributions":[123],"recent":[126],"five":[127],"years":[128],"summarized":[130],"survey,":[133],"including":[134],"milestone":[136],"architectures,":[139],"remarkable":[141],"applications":[143],"semantic":[146],"object":[148],"classification;":[151],"sets,":[154],"evaluation":[155],"metrics,":[156],"state-of-the-art":[159],"performance.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"conclude":[163],"remaining":[165],"challenges":[166],"future":[168],"researches.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":138},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":132},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}