{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046236234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","title":"Time\u2013Frequency Representation and Convolutional Neural Network-Based Emotion Recognition","display_name":"Time\u2013Frequency Representation and Convolutional Neural Network-Based Emotion Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046236234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","mag":"3046236234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32735536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008824968","display_name":"Smith K. Khare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8365-1092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Smith K. Khare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Discipline, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Discipline, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059215546","display_name":"Varun Bajaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8721-1219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun Bajaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Discipline, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Discipline, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008824968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.1676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":286,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99744784,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"7","first_page":"2901","last_page":"2909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8026244640350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7426303029060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7070115208625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6770449876785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.562410295009613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5393054485321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5261017084121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.48365676403045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38962092995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08964794874191284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8026244640350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426303029060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7070115208625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6770449876785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.562410295009613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5393054485321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5261017084121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.48365676403045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38962092995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08964794874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005189","descriptor_name":"False Positive Reactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005189","descriptor_name":"False Positive Reactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005189","descriptor_name":"False Positive Reactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2020.3008938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32735536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32735536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536918374","https://openalex.org/W1829924905","https://openalex.org/W1941755770","https://openalex.org/W1990527621","https://openalex.org/W2004104731","https://openalex.org/W2035642468","https://openalex.org/W2045468728","https://openalex.org/W2062684611","https://openalex.org/W2090834654","https://openalex.org/W2093440960","https://openalex.org/W2095905361","https://openalex.org/W2100483895","https://openalex.org/W2109773980","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2132889650","https://openalex.org/W2139564752","https://openalex.org/W2150880403","https://openalex.org/W2160947254","https://openalex.org/W2170883741","https://openalex.org/W2176865601","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2289714406","https://openalex.org/W2464929676","https://openalex.org/W2580887161","https://openalex.org/W2604825588","https://openalex.org/W2734337238","https://openalex.org/W2749183303","https://openalex.org/W2769501111","https://openalex.org/W2793022090","https://openalex.org/W2888184955","https://openalex.org/W2891840684","https://openalex.org/W2900037010","https://openalex.org/W2902877680","https://openalex.org/W2903462437","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2922188941","https://openalex.org/W2923290627","https://openalex.org/W2924944963","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W4298168912","https://openalex.org/W6677580257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W1616854372","https://openalex.org/W2106231951","https://openalex.org/W2032664813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotions":[0],"composed":[1],"of":[2,35,41,51,56,107,145],"cognizant":[3],"logical":[4],"reactions":[5],"toward":[6],"various":[7],"situations.":[8],"Such":[9],"mental":[10],"responses":[11],"stem":[12],"from":[13],"physiological,":[14],"cognitive,":[15],"and":[16,25,32,49,99,121,149,156],"behavioral":[17],"changes.":[18],"Electroencephalogram":[19],"(EEG)":[20],"signals":[21,71,88],"provide":[22],"a":[23,76],"noninvasive":[24],"nonradioactive":[26],"solution":[27],"for":[28],"emotion":[29],"identification.":[30],"Accurate":[31],"automatic":[33,47],"classification":[34,50],"emotions":[36],"can":[37],"boost":[38],"the":[39,54,64,68,114,161],"development":[40],"human-computer":[42],"interface.":[43],"This":[44],"article":[45],"proposes":[46],"extraction":[48],"features":[52],"through":[53],"use":[55],"different":[57],"convolutional":[58],"neural":[59],"networks":[60],"(CNNs).":[61],"At":[62],"first,":[63],"proposed":[65,162],"method":[66,163],"converts":[67],"filtered":[69],"EEG":[70,87],"into":[72,89],"an":[73],"image":[74],"using":[75],"time-frequency":[77],"representation.":[78],"Smoothed":[79],"pseudo-Wigner-Ville":[80],"distribution":[81],"is":[82,110,164],"used":[83],"to":[84,95],"transform":[85],"time-domain":[86],"images.":[90],"These":[91],"images":[92],"are":[93],"fed":[94],"pretrained":[96],"AlexNet,":[97,153],"ResNet50,":[98,154],"VGG16":[100],"along":[101],"with":[102,140],"configurable":[103,133,157],"CNN.":[104],"The":[105,124],"performance":[106],"four":[108,129],"CNNs":[109,130],"evaluated":[111],"by":[112,127,152],"measuring":[113],"accuracy,":[115],"precision,":[116],"Mathew's":[117],"correlation":[118],"coefficient,":[119],"F1-score,":[120],"false-positive":[122],"rate.":[123],"results":[125],"obtained":[126,151],"evaluating":[128],"show":[131,159],"that":[132,160],"CNN":[134,158],"requires":[135],"very":[136],"less":[137],"learning":[138],"parameters":[139],"better":[141],"accuracy.":[142],"Accuracy":[143],"scores":[144],"90.98%,":[146],"91.91%,":[147],"92.71%,":[148],"93.01%":[150],"VGG16,":[155],"best":[165],"among":[166],"other":[167],"existing":[168],"methods.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
