{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789789879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","title":"Leader\u2013Follower Output Synchronization of Linear Heterogeneous Systems With Active Leader Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Leader\u2013Follower Output Synchronization of Linear Heterogeneous Systems With Active Leader Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789789879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","mag":"2789789879","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053342436","display_name":"Yongliang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3144-8604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongliang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Process, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3144-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Process, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063118155","display_name":"Hamidreza Modares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0800-5140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamidreza Modares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0800-5140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038037619","display_name":"Donald C. Wunsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald C. Wunsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101512101","display_name":"Yixin Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6056-8878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Process, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6056-8878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Process, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053342436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.6562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":156,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99098967,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"2139","last_page":"2153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11347","display_name":"Neural Networks Stability and Synchronization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11110","display_name":"Stability and Controllability of Differential Equations","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7168008685112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6384934782981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5949799418449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5869319438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5469229817390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5436366200447083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5320148468017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.48341286182403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4658447504043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.45603784918785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4263323247432709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-observer","display_name":"State observer","score":0.41313281655311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.24182459712028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20772844552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.18829303979873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11084973812103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10617825388908386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7168008685112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6384934782981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5949799418449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5869319438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5469229817390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5436366200447083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5320148468017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.48341286182403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4658447504043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.45603784918785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4263323247432709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3031470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818544","display_name":"State observer","level":3,"score":0.41313281655311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.24182459712028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20772844552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.18829303979873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11084973812103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10617825388908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2803059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29771667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757989736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201406460057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7934771358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61333002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333675","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575429305","https://openalex.org/W1594802219","https://openalex.org/W1614417283","https://openalex.org/W1626155273","https://openalex.org/W1630241696","https://openalex.org/W1665876831","https://openalex.org/W1919998456","https://openalex.org/W1970786657","https://openalex.org/W1972243698","https://openalex.org/W1987992749","https://openalex.org/W1988098565","https://openalex.org/W1988688219","https://openalex.org/W1989206117","https://openalex.org/W1991360560","https://openalex.org/W1997880753","https://openalex.org/W2012451615","https://openalex.org/W2024162902","https://openalex.org/W2032736119","https://openalex.org/W2036571133","https://openalex.org/W2038896449","https://openalex.org/W2048687352","https://openalex.org/W2050090436","https://openalex.org/W2050838777","https://openalex.org/W2065632630","https://openalex.org/W2097253853","https://openalex.org/W2106667095","https://openalex.org/W2107396783","https://openalex.org/W2117516628","https://openalex.org/W2119693819","https://openalex.org/W2120638718","https://openalex.org/W2120791740","https://openalex.org/W2124234993","https://openalex.org/W2124341319","https://openalex.org/W2124829859","https://openalex.org/W2126357802","https://openalex.org/W2129891269","https://openalex.org/W2132858840","https://openalex.org/W2136064843","https://openalex.org/W2141410403","https://openalex.org/W2142430251","https://openalex.org/W2146890818","https://openalex.org/W2148439597","https://openalex.org/W2165501837","https://openalex.org/W2165726932","https://openalex.org/W2166103243","https://openalex.org/W2167675457","https://openalex.org/W2178632503","https://openalex.org/W2183137222","https://openalex.org/W2189990206","https://openalex.org/W2342901696","https://openalex.org/W2343701426","https://openalex.org/W2349466983","https://openalex.org/W2430619152","https://openalex.org/W2484646121","https://openalex.org/W2487747673","https://openalex.org/W2522967535","https://openalex.org/W2523345745","https://openalex.org/W2552003518","https://openalex.org/W2585299106","https://openalex.org/W2742195311","https://openalex.org/W2759084312","https://openalex.org/W3210839039","https://openalex.org/W4213367573","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394201814","https://openalex.org/W2544838361","https://openalex.org/W2315418312","https://openalex.org/W2501264310","https://openalex.org/W4205434950","https://openalex.org/W2111927334","https://openalex.org/W2113447317","https://openalex.org/W4378174414","https://openalex.org/W4391766543","https://openalex.org/W2165082107"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"develops":[2],"optimal":[3,132,149],"control":[4,77,88,150],"protocols":[5,151],"for":[6,113],"the":[7,43,51,70,91,105,110,117,155,161,165,176,189,200,203],"distributed":[8,98,131,148],"output":[9,118],"synchronization":[10,119],"problem":[11],"of":[12,120,164,188,202],"leader-follower":[13,121],"multiagent":[14],"systems":[15,122],"with":[16,26,55,123],"an":[17,124],"active":[18,68,125],"leader.":[19,44],"Agents":[20],"are":[21,141,196],"assumed":[22,35,65],"to":[23,36,50,66,89,103,143,174,198],"be":[24,37,67],"heterogeneous":[25],"different":[27],"dynamics":[28],"and":[29,39,85,108,135,183],"dimensions.":[30],"The":[31,62,146],"desired":[32],"trajectory":[33],"is":[34,40,64,100,127,172],"preplanned":[38],"generated":[41],"by":[42,53],"Other":[45],"follower":[46],"agents":[47],"autonomously":[48],"synchronize":[49],"leader":[52,63,126],"interacting":[54],"each":[56,114],"other":[57],"using":[58],"a":[59,75,130],"communication":[60],"network.":[61],"in":[69,180],"sense":[71],"that":[72,80],"it":[73,81],"has":[74],"nonzero":[76],"input":[78],"so":[79],"can":[82],"act":[83],"independently":[84],"update":[86],"its":[87],"keep":[90],"followers":[92],"away":[93],"from":[94],"possible":[95],"danger.":[96],"A":[97],"observer":[99],"first":[101],"designed":[102],"estimate":[104],"leader's":[106],"state":[107],"generate":[109],"reference":[111],"signal":[112],"follower.":[115],"Then,":[116],"formulated":[128],"as":[129],"tracking":[133],"problem,":[134],"inhomogeneous":[136,177],"algebraic":[137],"Riccati":[138],"equations":[139],"(AREs)":[140],"derived":[142],"solve":[144,175],"it.":[145],"resulting":[147],"not":[152],"only":[153],"minimize":[154],"steady-state":[156],"error":[157],"but":[158],"also":[159],"optimize":[160],"transient":[162],"response":[163],"agents.":[166],"An":[167],"off-policy":[168],"reinforcement":[169],"learning":[170],"algorithm":[171],"developed":[173],"AREs":[178],"online":[179],"real":[181],"time":[182],"without":[184],"requiring":[185],"any":[186],"knowledge":[187],"agents'":[190],"dynamics.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"two":[193],"simulation":[194],"examples":[195],"conducted":[197],"illustrate":[199],"effectiveness":[201],"proposed":[204],"algorithm.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
