{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2778345336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","title":"High-Performance Mixed-Signal Neurocomputing With Nanoscale Floating-Gate Memory Cell Arrays","display_name":"High-Performance Mixed-Signal Neurocomputing With Nanoscale Floating-Gate Memory Cell Arrays","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2778345336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","mag":"2778345336","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29990267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110938379","display_name":"Farnood Merrikh-Bayat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farnood Merrikh-Bayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112222090","display_name":"Xinjie Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082112558","display_name":"Michael Klachko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-7242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Klachko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059442749","display_name":"M. Prezioso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Prezioso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015904457","display_name":"Konstantin K. Likharev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin K. Likharev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-1869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035468831","display_name":"Dmitri B. Strukov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitri B. Strukov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-4347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97017932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"10","first_page":"4782","last_page":"4790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7989010810852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6423537731170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6047440767288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.5637347102165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-fidelity","display_name":"High fidelity","score":0.5466377139091492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.519089937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-signal-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","score":0.487222820520401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.4552934467792511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-cell","display_name":"Memory cell","score":0.4461447596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44050100445747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.43811529874801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.43380531668663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.4070638418197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.37488120794296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.3674371838569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.34734663367271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.23063349723815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2203950583934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16762158274650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15185821056365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1392306685447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12547791004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.12260758876800537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7989010810852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6423537731170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6047440767288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.5637347102165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5466377139091492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.519089937210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62907940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541329","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.487222820520401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.4552934467792511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776638159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343761","display_name":"Memory cell","level":4,"score":0.4461447596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44050100445747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.43811529874801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.43380531668663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4070638418197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.37488120794296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.3674371838569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34734663367271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23063349723815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2203950583934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16762158274650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15185821056365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1392306685447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12547791004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.12260758876800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2017.2778940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29990267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29990267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1848438735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-13-C-0051UPSIDE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500129809","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1798990620","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1993932725","https://openalex.org/W2010958479","https://openalex.org/W2014307680","https://openalex.org/W2040429262","https://openalex.org/W2051385641","https://openalex.org/W2069164217","https://openalex.org/W2099313441","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2146642170","https://openalex.org/W2148170032","https://openalex.org/W2149992244","https://openalex.org/W2151339883","https://openalex.org/W2152435892","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2157335309","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183631084","https://openalex.org/W2288365131","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2291643118","https://openalex.org/W2327625289","https://openalex.org/W2343850787","https://openalex.org/W2508071702","https://openalex.org/W2517442117","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2559718113","https://openalex.org/W2561926108","https://openalex.org/W2577981465","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W3165543823","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6648688306","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6686394896","https://openalex.org/W6696023903","https://openalex.org/W6696939137","https://openalex.org/W6726371614","https://openalex.org/W6731234726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042090903","https://openalex.org/W2132827075","https://openalex.org/W2027819842","https://openalex.org/W1800601453","https://openalex.org/W1568080074","https://openalex.org/W2154861937","https://openalex.org/W4386075060","https://openalex.org/W1996607498","https://openalex.org/W1966352937","https://openalex.org/W1562898213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Potential":[0],"advantages":[1],"of":[2,27,36,54,72,101,115,138,148],"analog-":[3],"and":[4,103,124,151,171],"mixed-signal":[5],"nanoelectronic":[6],"circuits,":[7],"based":[8,51],"on":[9,52,95],"floating-gate":[10,34,59,78],"devices":[11],"with":[12],"adjustable":[13],"conductance,":[14],"for":[15],"neuromorphic":[16,49],"computing":[17],"had":[18],"been":[19],"realized":[20],"long":[21],"time":[22,123],"ago.":[23],"However,":[24],"practical":[25],"realizations":[26],"this":[28,162],"approach":[29],"suffered":[30],"from":[31,62],"using":[32],"rudimentary":[33],"cells":[35],"relatively":[37],"large":[38],"area.":[39],"Here,":[40],"we":[41],"report":[42],"a":[43,63,81,91,119,125,145],"prototype":[44],"$28\\times28$":[45],"binary-input,":[46],"ten-output,":[47],"three-layer":[48],"network":[50,88],"arrays":[53],"highly":[55],"optimized":[56],"embedded":[57],"nonvolatile":[58],"cells,":[60,79],"redesigned":[61],"commercial":[64],"180-nm":[65],"nor":[66],"flash":[67],"memory.":[68],"All":[69],"active":[70],"blocks":[71],"the":[73,96,108,133,139,149,155],"circuit,":[74],"including":[75],"101":[76],"780":[77],"have":[80],"total":[82],"area":[83],"below":[84],"1":[85],"mm2.":[86],"The":[87,113],"has":[89],"shown":[90],"94.7%":[92],"classification":[93,114],"fidelity":[94],"common":[97],"Modified":[98],"National":[99],"Institute":[100],"Standards":[102],"Technology":[104],"benchmark,":[105],"close":[106],"to":[107,154,164],"96.2%":[109],"obtained":[110],"in":[111,132,169,174],"simulation.":[112],"one":[116],"pattern":[117],"takes":[118],"sub-1-":[120],"$\\mu":[121],"\\text{s}$":[122],"sub-20-nJ":[126],"energy-both":[127],"numbers":[128],"much":[129],"better":[130],"than":[131,166],"best":[134],"reported":[135],"digital":[136],"implementations":[137],"same":[140],"task.":[141],"Estimates":[142],"show":[143],"that":[144],"straightforward":[146],"optimization":[147],"hardware":[150],"its":[152],"transfer":[153],"already":[156],"available":[157],"55-nm":[158],"technology":[159],"may":[160],"increase":[161],"advantage":[163],"more":[165],"$10^{2}\\times":[167],"$":[168,173],"speed":[170],"$10^{4}\\times":[172],"energy":[175],"efficiency.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
