{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2561964848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","title":"Kernel-Based Multilayer Extreme Learning Machines for Representation Learning","display_name":"Kernel-Based Multilayer Extreme Learning Machines for Representation Learning","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2561964848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","mag":"2561964848","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28055922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079141229","display_name":"Chi Man Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-6923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Man Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076922237","display_name":"Chi\u2010Man Vong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7997-8279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Man Vong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7997-8279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063490642","display_name":"Pak Kin Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7623-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pak Kin Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074063024","display_name":"Jiuwen Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-5794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiuwen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.0822,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":194,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99384677,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"757","last_page":"762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10062","display_name":"MicroRNA in disease regulation","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.7453623414039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6770939826965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6726517677307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6567001938819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6180384159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6137722730636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5268415808677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.504880964756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.497684508562088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4900449514389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invertible-matrix","display_name":"Invertible matrix","score":0.4866839051246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moore\u2013penrose-pseudoinverse","display_name":"Moore\u2013Penrose pseudoinverse","score":0.4861995577812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42717570066452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-projection","display_name":"Random projection","score":0.42220497131347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.41125011444091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.3764467239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3276439309120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.30995267629623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28689470887184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.16193044185638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.08838415145874023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.7453623414039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6770939826965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6726517677307129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6567001938819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6180384159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6137722730636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5268415808677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.504880964756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.497684508562088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4900449514389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96442724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242188","display_name":"Invertible matrix","level":2,"score":0.4866839051246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21556879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43219517","display_name":"Moore\u2013Penrose pseudoinverse","level":3,"score":0.4861995577812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42717570066452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777036070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18393452","display_name":"Random projection","level":2,"score":0.42220497131347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.41125011444091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.3764467239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3276439309120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.30995267629623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28689470887184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.16193044185638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.08838415145874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2636834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28055922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28055922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1959406705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61503104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3068502435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"050/2015/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4332986342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG2016-00134-FST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5205193686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG2014-00083-FST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vna4324"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1698155719","https://openalex.org/W1971507640","https://openalex.org/W2004025832","https://openalex.org/W2013668940","https://openalex.org/W2015314533","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2029313510","https://openalex.org/W2039402388","https://openalex.org/W2042970394","https://openalex.org/W2050752817","https://openalex.org/W2061065224","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2132862423","https://openalex.org/W2134603844","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2152799677","https://openalex.org/W2181347294","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2294712740","https://openalex.org/W2301541953","https://openalex.org/W2408701322","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3141455185","https://openalex.org/W3195149063","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4244829582","https://openalex.org/W4300173024","https://openalex.org/W6679935922","https://openalex.org/W6682557032","https://openalex.org/W6685777803","https://openalex.org/W6697066689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803677887","https://openalex.org/W2790733271","https://openalex.org/W3096132384","https://openalex.org/W2027263370","https://openalex.org/W4287606346","https://openalex.org/W1530780135","https://openalex.org/W2073668838","https://openalex.org/W2348575728","https://openalex.org/W2021621189","https://openalex.org/W3141765600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"multilayer":[1,128],"extreme":[2],"learning":[3,107],"machine":[4],"(ML-ELM)":[5],"was":[6],"applied":[7],"to":[8,17,30,57,76,110,156,175,236],"stacked":[9],"autoencoder":[10],"(SAE)":[11],"for":[12,84,102,165,211],"representation":[13,106],"learning.":[14],"In":[15],"contrast":[16],"traditional":[18],"SAE,":[19],"the":[20,45,81,97,111,141,212,220,223],"training":[21,58],"time":[22,59,101],"of":[23,47,65,73,113,123,137,143,205,214,222],"ML-ELM":[24,36,74,124],"is":[25,53,125,168,234],"significantly":[26],"reduced":[27,195],"from":[28,38],"hours":[29],"seconds":[31],"with":[32],"high":[33],"accuracy.":[34],"However,":[35],"suffers":[37],"several":[39],"drawbacks:":[40],"1)":[41,135],"manual":[42,138],"tuning":[43,139],"on":[44,140],"number":[46,112,142],"hidden":[48,114,144],"nodes":[49,145],"in":[50,70,87,105,146,228],"every":[51,71,88,147],"layer":[52,72,89],"an":[54],"uncertain":[55],"factor":[56],"and":[60,68,95,99,179,196],"generalization;":[61,79,160],"2)":[62,149],"random":[63,151],"projection":[64,152],"input":[66],"weights":[67,86,167],"bias":[69],"leads":[75],"suboptimal":[77],"model":[78,159,199],"3)":[80,161],"pseudoinverse":[82],"solution":[83,164],"output":[85,166],"incurs":[90],"relatively":[91],"large":[92],"reconstruction":[93,177],"error;":[94,178],"4)":[96,180],"storage":[98,192],"execution":[100,200],"transformation":[103,182],"matrices":[104,183,188],"are":[108,184],"proportional":[109],"layers.":[115],"Inspired":[116],"by":[117],"kernel":[118,121,129,172],"learning,":[119],"a":[120],"version":[122],"developed,":[126],"namely,":[127],"ELM":[130],"(ML-KELM),":[131],"whose":[132],"contributions":[133,221],"are:":[134],"elimination":[136],"layer;":[148],"no":[150],"mechanism":[153],"so":[154,190],"as":[155],"obtain":[157],"optimal":[158],"exact":[162],"inverse":[163],"guaranteed":[169],"under":[170],"invertible":[171],"matrix,":[173],"resulting":[174],"smaller":[176],"all":[181],"unified":[185],"into":[186],"two":[187],"only,":[189],"that":[191],"can":[193],"be":[194],"may":[197],"shorten":[198],"time.":[201],"Benchmark":[202],"data":[203,232],"sets":[204,233],"different":[206],"sizes":[207],"have":[208,218],"been":[209],"employed":[210],"evaluation":[213],"ML-KELM.":[215,225],"Experimental":[216],"results":[217],"verified":[219],"proposed":[224],"The":[226],"improvement":[227],"accuracy":[229],"over":[230],"benchmark":[231],"up":[235],"7%.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
