{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2418674135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","title":"The Growing Hierarchical Neural Gas Self-Organizing Neural Network","display_name":"The Growing Hierarchical Neural Gas Self-Organizing Neural Network","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2418674135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","mag":"2418674135","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27295689"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085558846","display_name":"Esteban J. Palomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130401523","display_name":"Universidad Yachay Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjswc10","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["EC","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esteban J. Palomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain","School of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology, Yachay University, Urcuqu\u00ed, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology, Yachay University, Urcuqu\u00ed, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091243468","display_name":"Ezequiel L\u00f3pez\u2010Rubio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8231-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezequiel Lopez-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1972,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95712475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"9","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-gas","display_name":"Neural gas","score":0.6725617051124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6410588026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.6138482093811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.60980623960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organizing-map","display_name":"Self-organizing map","score":0.5975668430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.5941672921180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5562046766281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-vector-quantization","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","score":0.5415511131286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organization","display_name":"Self-organization","score":0.4582696259021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4489273428916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.4211848974227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.42090338468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3723505139350891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.28667330741882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-neural-network","display_name":"Time delay neural network","score":0.2706449031829834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90322556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981169","display_name":"Neural gas","level":4,"score":0.6725617051124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6410588026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.6138482093811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.60980623960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111168008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136838","display_name":"Self-organizing map","level":3,"score":0.5975668430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.5941672921180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5562046766281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.5415511131286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106960710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609408","display_name":"Self-organization","level":2,"score":0.4582696259021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4489273428916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.4211848974227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.42090338468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3723505139350891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28667330741882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.2706449031829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2570124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27295689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27295689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590336841","https://openalex.org/W1965819030","https://openalex.org/W1967387964","https://openalex.org/W1968898411","https://openalex.org/W1971784203","https://openalex.org/W1984522500","https://openalex.org/W1989352541","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2019759143","https://openalex.org/W2026470292","https://openalex.org/W2026703455","https://openalex.org/W2027784244","https://openalex.org/W2029348842","https://openalex.org/W2042351579","https://openalex.org/W2049712356","https://openalex.org/W2061305331","https://openalex.org/W2062821321","https://openalex.org/W2076299163","https://openalex.org/W2079587596","https://openalex.org/W2079810998","https://openalex.org/W2083812485","https://openalex.org/W2093528237","https://openalex.org/W2108901453","https://openalex.org/W2115581864","https://openalex.org/W2121959565","https://openalex.org/W2122473047","https://openalex.org/W2124581141","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2138754805","https://openalex.org/W2139915310","https://openalex.org/W2143807890","https://openalex.org/W2151521446","https://openalex.org/W2155298439","https://openalex.org/W2163280893","https://openalex.org/W2164047436","https://openalex.org/W2165209203","https://openalex.org/W2256563049","https://openalex.org/W2319660501","https://openalex.org/W2537157809","https://openalex.org/W4239825352","https://openalex.org/W4247446713","https://openalex.org/W6680294583","https://openalex.org/W6728977181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576436359","https://openalex.org/W2378212145","https://openalex.org/W3012423201","https://openalex.org/W2129852156","https://openalex.org/W2100492357","https://openalex.org/W1805748654","https://openalex.org/W3148658660","https://openalex.org/W2202992072","https://openalex.org/W2475089102","https://openalex.org/W1530767163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"neural":[2,6],"gas":[3],"(GNG)":[4],"self-organizing":[5,46],"network":[7],"stands":[8],"as":[9,44],"one":[10],"of":[11,16,19,22,66,119,133],"the":[12,45,69,92,117,120,127],"most":[13],"successful":[14],"examples":[15],"unsupervised":[17],"learning":[18,131],"a":[20,37,54,64,76,79,98,110],"graph":[21],"processing":[23],"units.":[24],"Despite":[25],"its":[26,34,137],"success,":[27],"little":[28],"attention":[29],"has":[30,49],"been":[31],"devoted":[32],"to":[33,36,62,115],"extension":[35],"hierarchical":[38,51,55],"model,":[39],"unlike":[40],"other":[41],"models":[42],"such":[43],"map,":[47],"which":[48,59,125],"many":[50],"versions.":[52],"Here,":[53],"GNG":[56,71],"is":[57,60,73,95,105,113],"presented,":[58],"designed":[61],"learn":[63],"tree":[65],"graphs.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"original":[70],"algorithm":[72],"improved":[74],"by":[75],"distinction":[77],"between":[78],"growth":[80,118],"phase":[81,100],"where":[82,101],"more":[83],"units":[84],"are":[85,123],"added":[86],"until":[87],"no":[88,102],"significant":[89],"improvement":[90],"in":[91],"quantization":[93,141],"error":[94],"obtained,":[96],"and":[97,129,136],"convergence":[99],"unit":[103],"creation":[104],"allowed.":[106],"This":[107],"means":[108],"that":[109],"principled":[111],"mechanism":[112],"established":[114],"control":[116],"structure.":[121],"Experiments":[122],"reported,":[124],"demonstrate":[126],"self-organization":[128],"hierarchy":[130],"abilities":[132],"our":[134],"approach":[135],"performance":[138],"for":[139],"vector":[140],"applications.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}